Internet Essentials (First Activity)
For Block 1 —-> Submission is from 8:00 am – 11:00 am
For Block 2 —-> Submission is from 11:00 am – 2:00 pm
Post your answers here, with your name and Email address…
How many DVD formats are available?
2. What is a dingbat?
3. What is a handshake?
4. What is a home page?
5. What handles can you not hold in your hand?
6. What was ENIAC?
7. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
8. What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
9. What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
10. What does modem stand for anyway? (Search the site)
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
What is a bit?
How many nibbles are in a byte?
12. The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee? (Hint: Use the Find command to making searching this page easier. Go Edit …Find. Enter a keyword for what you are looking for (a name, or the word “web” for example). Click Find. To repeat the process go Edit … Find again.)
14. Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information.
What was the first document posted?
15. When were floppy disks introduced?
16. How many megabytes of data can a factory made audio CD hold?
17. Douglas Engelbart was a computer visionary of the 1960’s. What did he invent that you find handy?
18. What do the letters CD-ROM stand for?
19. Name three computer peripherals.
20. What does GUI (pronounced “goo-ey”) mean?
21 What is an advantage of the Dvorak keyboard?
23. How did Marcian Hoff’s invention change computers? Look him up.
24. Apple Computer’s G4 is a supercomputer because its operations can be measured in gigaflops. What is a gigaflop?
25. What mammal, other than humans, uses a computer?
26. This teacher’s web page is an example of:
27. Write your school’s home page URL (web address)
—->> By Cindy O’Hora
32 comments so far
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1. What does DVD stand for?
Ans: Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc
How many DVD formats are available?
Ans: 5
2. What is a dingbat?
Ans: Special characters like stars, hands, arrows, and geometric shapes you can use to decorate a document. A collection of dingbats is found in a popular font called Wingdings.
3. What is a handshake?
Ans: Two modems perform a handshake each time they meet, just as two people shake hands to greet each other. If the modem speaker is on, you can actually hear the handshake — it’s that annoying series of squeals and signals. The handshake helps the modems determine how they will exchange information.
4. What is a home page?
Ans: An introductory screen on the World Wide Web, used to welcome visitors. A home page can include special underlined text or graphics you click on to jump to related information on other pages on the Web. Many individuals, businesses, and organizations now have home pages on the World Wide Web. See also WORLD WIDE WEB.
5. What handles can you not hold in your hand?
Ans: Little squares at the edges and corners of a selected graphic on your screen. You can move a handle with your mouse pointer to resize or reshape the graphic.
6. What was ENIAC?
Ans: This was not a dream of science fiction, but a representation of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer), the gigantic machine credited with starting the modern computer age.
ENIAC, with its 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, and 6,000 manual switches, was a monument of engineering — and an energy hog. The city of Philadelphia reportedly experienced brown-outs when ENIAC drew power at its home at the Moore School of Electrical Engingeering at the University of Pennsylvania.
7. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
Ans: Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, was one of the most picturesque characters in computer history. August Ada Byron was born December 10, 1815 the daughter of the illustrious poet, Lord Byron. Five weeks after Ada was born Lady Byron asked for a separation from Lord Byron, and was awarded sole custody of Ada who she brought up to be a mathematician and scientist. Lady Byron was terrified that Ada might end up being a poet like her father. Despite Lady Byron’s programming Ada did not sublimate her poetical inclinations. She hoped to be “an analyst and a metaphysician”. In her 30’s she wrote her mother, if you can’t give me poetry, can’t you give me “poetical science?” Her understanding of mathematics was laced with imagination, and described in metaphors.
8. What kind of wafers is used at Intel to make computer chips?
Ans: A microprocessor
9. What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
10. What does modem stand for anyway? (Search the site)
Ans: Modulator Demodulator
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
What is a bit?
Ans: A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes. In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte. The value of a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a memory device.
How many bits are in a byte?
Ans: 2 Byte
How many nibbles are in a byte?
Ans: Half a byte (four bits)
12. The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
Ans: Internet
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee? (Hint: Use the Find command to making searching this page easier. Go Edit …Find. Enter a keyword for what you are looking for (a name, or the word “web” for example). Click Find. To repeat the process go Edit … Find again.)
Ans: 1991
14. Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information.
What was the first document posted?
15. When were floppy disks introduced?
Ans:1972
16. How many megabytes of data can a factory made audio CD hold?
Ans: 750 MB
17. Douglas Engelbart was a computer visionary of the 1960’s. What did he invent that you find handy?
Ans: Douglas Carl Engelbart had invented a number of interactive, user-friendly information access systems that we take for granted today: the computer mouse, windows, shared-screen teleconferencing, hypermedia, groupware, and more
18. What do the letters CD-ROM stand for?
Ans: Compact Disc Read-Only Memory”
19. Name three computer peripherals.
Ans: Printer, Modem, Scanner
20. What does GUI (pronounced “goo-ey”) mean?
Ans: GUI(Graphical User Interface)- (usually pronounced GOO-ee) is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looking at the GUI or graphical user interface of your particular Web browser.
21 What is an advantage of the Dvorak keyboard?
Ans: Learning: Dvorak is much easier to learn than QWERTY, especially for new typists. Beginning lessons designed for Dvorak can be much more productive (and interesting) because you can type thousands of real words on the home row.
Speed: With careful training, it seems most QWERTY typists can switch to Dvorak and regain their old speed in about a month. After that, it’s all gravy.
Some people have had trouble regaining their old speed. This seems to happen if they don’t give up QWERTY entirely while they retrain, or if they train too hard.
22. What is a computer virus?
Ans: A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
23. How did Marcian Hoff’s invention change computers? Look him up.
24. Apple Computer’s G4 is a supercomputer because its operations can be measured in gigaflops. What is a gigaflop?
Ans: – As a measure of computer speed, a gigaflop is a billion floating-point operations per second (FLOPS).
25. What mammal, other than humans, uses a computer?
Ans: Dolphin.
26. This teacher’s web page is an example of:
Ans: Website
27. Write your school’s home page URL (web address)
Ans: http://www.ucu.edu.ph/
1. Digital Versatile Disc
1. DVD-ROM, DVD-D, DVD Plus , DVD-R for Authoring, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-R DL, DVD-RAM, DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD+R DL, VR Mode,
Video mode, +VR,
2. A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking
3. A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands
4. The homepage (often written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed.
5.
6. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
7. Augusta Ada Byron, is mainly known for having written a description of Charles Babbage’s early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine.
8.
9.
10. Modulation Demodulation
11. binary digit
8 bits
Two 4 nibbles
12. The ARPANET, developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world’s first operational packet switching network, and the predecessor of the global Internet.
Packet switching, now the dominant basis for both data and voice communication worldwide, was a new and important concept in data communications.
13. 1989
14.
15.1980s and 1990s
16. 650 megabytes
17. He is best known for inventing the computer mouse (in a joint effort with Bill English); as a pioneer of human-computer interaction whose team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs; and as a committed and vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and complex problems.
18. “Compact Disc read-only memory”
19.
20.
21.
22. A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus.
23. is one of the inventors of the microprocessor
24. In computing, FLOPS (or flops or flop/s) is an acronym meaning FLoating point Operations Per Second. The FLOPS is a measure of a computer’s performance, especially in fields of scientific calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations, similar to instructions per second. Since the final S stands for “second”, conservative speakers consider “FLOPS” as both the singular and plural of the term, although the singular “FLOP” is frequently encountered.
25.
26.
27. http://www.ucu.edu.ph
1.DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc”)
2.A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking.
DVD FORMATS:
-Non-recordable formats
-Recordable formats, supported by the DVD Forum
-Recordable formats, supported by the DVD+RW Alliance
-Application Formats
-Recordable formats
3.A Handshake is an exchange of signals between two devices. It establishes the communications channels and protocols necessary for devices to send and receive data.
4.A home page is typically the front end or introductory page for the rest of your web site, and is a great place for a description of the rest of your site and a table of contents.
5.computers and humans have diffrent kind to handle.a computer can handle a file while humans are not.
6.ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems, although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties.
7.When inspired Ada could be very focused and a mathematical taskmaster. Ada suggested to Babbage writing a plan for how the engine might calculate Bernoulli numbers. This plan, is now regarded as the first “computer program.” A software language developed by the U.S. Department of Defense was named “Ada” in her honor in 1979.
9.bunny suits
10.Modulation-demodulation
11. Short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine.
- there are eight bits in a byte.
-Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble.
12. internet
13. in the year 1991
14. Gutenberg:The Project Gutenberg License
15.in the year 1970
16. 650 megabytes
17. Engelbart’s most famous invention is the computer mouse
18. CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact Disc read-only memory”)
20.Graphical User Interface
21. Although the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (“DSK”) has so far failed to displace the QWERTY standard, it has seen an increase in popularity in recent years especially among computer programmers and others whose jobs require them to do extensive amounts of typing.[citation needed] It has become easier to access in the computer age, being included with all major operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD) in addition to the standard QWERTY layout. It is also supported at the hardware level by some high-end ergonomic keyboards.
22. A computer virus is a program designed to spread itself by first infecting
executable files or the system areas of hard and floppy disks and then
making copies of itself. Viruses usually operate without the knowledge or
desire of the computer user.
24. gigaflop is a billion floating-point operations per second
26.teachers home page URL
27. http://www.ucu.edu.ph/
Angelica V. Galinato
1.) What does DVD stand for?
Digital Versatile Disc
2.) What is a Dingbat?
A dingbat is used in computers to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the position designated for alphabetical or numerical characters.
3.) What is a Handshake?
A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands. Its origins are unclear, although Philip A. Busterson’s seminal 1978 work Social Rituals of the British traces its roots back to Sir Walter Raleigh, claiming he introduced the custom into the British Court during the late 16th Century.
The handshake is initiated when the two hands touch, immediately. It is commonly done upon meeting, greeting, parting, offering congratulations, or completing an agreement. Its purpose is to convey trust, balance, and equality.[1] Handshakes possibly originated as a gesture showing that the hand holds no weapon.
4.) What is a home page?
When you initially open up your Web browser, the very first page that you will see is called the “home” page. The home page is your jumping off point to the rest of the Web. You can specify absolutely any page on the Web as your browser homepage.
6.) ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer
7.) What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
The contribution of ada byron is the ANALYTICAL ENGINE
8.) What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
10.) What does modem stand for anyway? (Search the site)
MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
11.) What is a Bit?
Short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine. The term was first used in 1946 by John Tukey, a leading statistician and adviser to five presidents. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits.
How many bits are in a byte?
There are 8 bits in a byte
How many nibbles are in a byte?
There are two 4 bit nibbles in one 8 bit byte
12.) The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
The ARPANET, developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world’s first operational packet switching network, and the predecessor of the global Internet.
Packet switching, now the dominant basis for both data and voice communication worldwide, was a new and important concept in data communications. Previously, data communication was based on the idea of circuit switching, as in the old typical telephone circuit, where a dedicated circuit is tied up for the duration of the call and communication is only possible with the single party on the other end of the circuit.
With packet switching, a system could use one communication link to communicate with more than one machine by assembling data into packets. Not only could the link be shared (much as a single post box can be used to post letters to different destinations), but each packet could be routed independently of other packets.
15.) When were floppy disc introduced?
In 1971, IBM introduced the first “memory disk”, as it was called then, or the “floppy disk” as it is known today. The first floppy was an 8″ plastic disk coated with magnetic iron oxide; data was written to and read from the disk’s surface. The nickname “floppy” came from its flexibility. The floppy disk was considered a revolutionary device at the time for it’s portability which provided a new and easy physical means of transporting data from computer to computer.
The “floppy” was invented by IBM engineers led by Alan Shugart. The first disks were designed for loading microcodes into the controller of the Merlin (IBM 3330) disk pack file (a 100 MB storage device). So, in effect, the first floppies were used to fill another type of data storage device.
16.) How many megabytes of data can a factory made audio CD hold?
There are 1 mega byte
20.) What does GUI mean?
Graphical User Interface
21.) What is an advantage of dvorak keyboard?
The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (pronounced /ˈdvoɹæk/) is a keyboard layout patented in 1936 by Dr. August Dvorak, an educational psychologist and professor of education[1] at the University of Washington in Seattle,[2] and William Dealey as an alternative to the more common QWERTY layout. It has also been called the Simplified Keyboard or American Simplified Keyboard, but is commonly known as the Dvorak keyboard or Dvorak layout.
22.) What is a computer virus?
A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
24.) What is a gigaflop?
As a measure of computer speed, a gigaflop is a billion floating-point operations per second (FLOPS).
Julie Anne L. Hermann
BSIT-1/BLKA
1. DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc.
**DVD-R, DVD-R DL, DVD-RW, DVD+RW, DVD+R, DVD+R DL, DVD-RAM.
2. A dingbat font is a small picture font representing by keyboard letters (upper case and lower case) numbers, and keyboard symbols.
3. A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped …
4. The homepage (often written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s …
5.
6. ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.
7. Augusta Ada King, Countess of Lovelace (December 10, 1815 – November 27, 1852), born Augusta Ada Byron, is mainly known for having written a description of Charles Babbage’s early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine.
8. A precursor idea to the IC was to create small ceramic squares (wafers), …. Ever since ICs were created, some chip designers have used the silicon surface
9. They often call themselves naturists; while others often refer to them as …… I work in a cleanroom so having my hair under the cleanroom suit
10. Modem (from modulator-demodulator)
11. bit is a binary digit
Two 4bits are there in one bytes.
16 nibbles are there in a bytes.
12. The Internet allows computer users to connect to other computers and information stores easily, wherever they may be across the world.
13. 1989
14. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. Founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, it is the oldest digital library.[1] Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of October 2007, Project Gutenberg claimed over 22,000 items in its collection. Project Gutenberg is affiliated with many projects that are independent organizations which share the same ideals, and have been given permission to use the Project Gutenberg trademark.
15. 1980s and 1990s,
16. CD (703 [13] MB).
17. Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925 in Oregon) is an American inventor. [1] He is best known for inventing the computer mouse (in a joint effort with Bill English); as a pioneer of human-computer interaction
18. CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact Disc read-only memory”) is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer.
19. the motherboard, CPU and working memory (RAM, ROM, or core) — was considered to be a peripheral device.
20. graphical user interface or GUI (IPA: /ˈɡuːiː/) is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with a computer and computer-controlled devices. Instead of offering only text menus, or requiring typed commands: graphical icons, visual indicators or special graphical elements called “widgets”, are presented.
21. It has become easier to access in the computer age, being included with all major operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD) in addition to the standard QWERTY layout. It is also supported at the hardware level by some high-end ergonomic keyboards.
22. A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user.
23. Dr. Marcian Edward “Ted” Hoff Jr. (born October 28, 1937 in Rochester, New York), is one of the inventors of the microprocessor. Hoff, an engineer, joined Intel in 1968 as employee number 12, and is credited with coming up with the idea of a universal processor instead of custom-designed circuits. His insight started the microprocessor revolution in the early 1970s. Commonly, he is credited with having invented the microprocessor in 1971. In 1980, he was named the first Intel Fellow, the highest technical position in the company. He stayed in that position until 1983.
24. FLOPS (or flops or flop/s) is an acronym meaning FLoating point Operations Per Second. The FLOPS is a measure of a computer’s performance, especially in fields of scientific calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations, similar to instructions per second. Since the final S stands for “second”, conservative speakers consider “FLOPS” as both the singular and plural of the term, although the singular “FLOP” is frequently encountered
25. They are more solitary than the other apes, with males and females generally … D.C., uses a computer system originally developed at UCLA by Neago
26.
27.
Shella Mae B. Jimenez
1. DVD – Digital Versatile Disc.
2. Dingbat – A small picture, such as a star or a pointing finger, that can be inserted into a document. Many sets of dingbats are available as a special font. One of the most popular is Zapf dingbats, named after its creator, Hermann Zapf.
3. Handshake – A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands. Its origins are unclear, although Philip A. Busterson’s seminal 1978 work Social Rituals of the British traces its roots back to Sir Walter Raleigh, claiming he introduced the custom into the British Court during the late 16th Century.
4. Home Page –
5. What handles can you not hold to your hand
6. Happy Birthday, ENIAC! This year marks 60 years since ENIAC launched the world into the Computing Age. Today, it is difficult to imagine how we could manage without the myriad electronic devices that we utilize each day. From our cell phones, PDAs, and cameras to our automobiles, airplanes, medical equipment and devices, electronics is the engine driving us forward.
7. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing? – Analitical Engine
8. - What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips? –
9. Suit (clothing), a combination of clothing, such as a jacket and matching trousers
10. Modem – Modulation-Demodulation
11. UniShort for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine. The term was first used in 1946 by John Tukey, a leading statistician and adviser to five presidents. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits.versity of Pennsylvania that it all began.
There are 8 bits in a byte.
There are two 4 nibbles in a byte.
12.ARPANET – The precursor to the Internet, ARPANET was a large wide-area network created by the United States Defense Advanced Research Project Agency (ARPA). Established in 1969, ARPANET served as a testbed for new networking technologies, linking many universities and research centers. The first two nodes that formed the ARPANET were UCLA and the Stanford Research Institute, followed shortly thereafter by the University of Utah.
13. giant electronic brain for Planet Earth
15. floppy, introduced 1987.
18 “Compact Disc read-only memory”
19. Any external device that plugs into your computer, such as a printer, modem, scanner, or tape drive.
22. A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
1).DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc”) is an optical disc storage media format that can be used for data storage, including movies with high video and sound quality. DVDs resemble compact discs as their physical dimensions are the same (120 mm (4.72 inches) or occasionally 80 mm (3.15 inches) in diameter) but they are encoded in a different format and at a much higher density. The official DVD specification is maintained by the DVD Forum.
DVD Formats
Commercial DVD’s this is the familiar DVD that we buy and play on our home theaters or DVD drives in our computers
.DVD-ROM basically this is a large data drive readable by most DVD drives
DVD-RAM This format transforms your DVD drive into a virtual hard disk
DVD-R this is a write once format, after you burn a DVD in this format it is permanent.
DVD+RW-Of course, there is a re-writable version of the DVD+R format. The specifications are the same as the read only one.
2).Dingbat
A small picture, such as a star or a pointing finger, that can be inserted into a document. Many sets of dingbats are available as a special font. One of the most popular is Zapf dingbats, named after its creator, Hermann Zapf.
3).Handshakes- I’m looking for a website that shows u how to do cool handshakes for sports so if u find one can u post the websites url here thanks!!!!
4).Home page- The page designated as the main point of entry of a Web site (or main page) or the starting point when a browser first connects to the Internet.
5). A part of an object which is held in the hand when used or moved, as the haft of a sword, the knob of a door, the bail of a kettle, etc.
7). ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S.
Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.
8). to enable readers to base their own conclusions on the evidence, I have structured Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age to fit the internet age: one-half biography, one-half email of the 19th century. Appendix II contains the latest information about the controversy over whether Ada should be acknowledged as the first programmer and prophet of the computer age. The answers to the following questions are found in Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers: Prophet of the Computer Age.
9). Computer chip technology is in all sorts of everyday items, from space shuttles to coffee makers, traffic lights, and computers. A basic rule of thumb is, if a device uses electricity and you can “tell it what to do” by programming it or customizing it, there’s a chip inside.
10). (Modulator/demodulator) an electronic device for converting between serial data (typically eia-232) from a computer and an audio signal suitable for transmission over a telephone line connected to another modem. In one scheme the audio signal is composed of silence (no data) or one of two frequencies representing zero and one.
11). The above is the text book definition of bit.. however to answer your question in graphics. You can view it as how many bits can represent a dot on the screen. 1 bit can support only one color per dot – monochrome. 4 bit is 16 colors; 8 bit is 256 colors, 32 bit millions of colors.
Usually agree with the answer 8 that everyone is giving but I think they may have gotten that from a book. My gut tells me that the answer is really 9. Because if you were a 2400 baud modem and you wanted to see the byte you would need that parity bit at the end.
12). The ARPANET, developed by DARPA of the United States Department of Defense, was the world’s first operational packet switching network, and the predecessor of the global Internet.
13) In 1989 he invented the World Wide Web, an internet-based hypermedia initiative for global information sharing while at CERN, the European Particle Physics Laboratory. He wrote the first web client and server in 1990. His specifications of URIs, HTTP and HTML were refined as Web technology spread.
14).
Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. Founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, it is the oldest digital library.[1] Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain books. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of October 2007, Project Gutenberg claimed over 22,000 items in its collection. Project Gutenberg is affiliated with many projects that are independent organizations which share the same ideals, and have been given permission to use the Project Gutenberg trademark.
15). in 1976 floppy drives were introduced in the 5.25 inch size by Shugart Associates. In a cooperative effort, Dysan Corporation manufactured the matching 5.25 inch diskettes. Originally these drives were available in only a single-sided low density format, and like the first 8 inch models, stored less than 100 kilobytes. Later they received many of the same enhancements made to the 8 inch models, and eventually 5.25 inch floppy drives settled at a double-sided, “double density” formatted capacity of about 1.2 megabytes. This drive was used in the IBM ‘AT’ personal computer. It is also the popular 5.25 inch model still with us today.
16).
17). Dr. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925 in Oregon) is an American inventor. [1] He is best known for inventing the computer mouse (in a joint effort with Bill English); as a pioneer of human-computer interaction whose team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs; and as a committed and vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and complex problems.
18). CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact Disc read-only memory”) is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer.
19). In computer hardware, a peripheral device is any device attached to a computer in order to expand its functionality. Some of the more common peripheral devices are printers, scanners, disk drives, tape drives, microphones, speakers, and cameras. Peripheral devices can also include other computers on a network system also refer to a non-physical item, such as a pseudo terminal, a RAM drive, or a network adapter.
20). GUI software testing is the process of testing a product … What this means is that the output of the system can be one of two things.
21).The Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (pronounced /ˈdvoɹæk/) is a keyboard layout patented in 1936 by Dr. August Dvorak, an educational psychologist and professor of education[1] at the University of Washington in Seattle,[2] and William Dealey as an alternative to the more common QWERTY layout. It has also been called the Simplified Keyboard or American Simplified Keyboard, but is commonly known as the Dvorak keyboard or Dvorak layout.
1. DVD-(Digital Video Disc).
2. A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking.
3. The home page is the first Web page that is displayed after starting a Web browser like Netscape’s Navigator or Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. The browser is usually preset so that the home page is the first page of the browser manufacturer. However, you can set it to open to any Web site.
4. A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp their right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief shake of the grasped hands. The handshake is initiated when the two hands touch, immedaitely. …
5. ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties.
6. A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
7. FLOPS (or flops or flop/s) is an acronym meaning FLoating point Operations Per Second. The FLOPS is a measure of a computer’s performance, especially in fields of scientific calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations, similar to instructions per second. Since the final S stands for “second”, conservative speakers consider “FLOPS” as both the singular and plural of the term, although the singular “FLOP” is frequently encountered. Alternatively, the singular FLOP (or flop) is used as an abbreviation for “FLoating-point OPeration”, and a flop count is a count of these operations .In this context, “flops” is simply the plural rather than a rate.
8. GUI is a computer term and stands for Graphic User Interface.
9. The word “modem” stand for “modulator-demodulator”.
10. How many bit are in a byte? Answer: 1 byte=8 bits.
11. CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact Disc read-only memory”) is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer. While the Compact Disc format was originally designed for music storage and playback, the format was later adapted to hold any form of binary data. CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including games and multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). Some CDs hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, whilst data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as PC CD-ROMs). These are called Enhanced CDs.
12. Common collections are single bits, groups of four bits (called nibbles), groups of eight bits (bytes), groups of 16 bits (words), groups of 32 bits (double words or dwords), groups of 64-bits (quad words or qwords), and more. The sizes are not arbitrary. There is a good reason for these particular values. This section will describe the bit groups commonly used on the Intel 80×86 chips.
13. What mammals other than humans use computers?
Answer: MONKEYS USE COMPUTERS.
14. Floppy disks, also known as floppies or disks or diskettes (where the suffix -ette means little one), were ubiquitous in the 1980s and 1990s, being used on home and personal computer (“PC”) platforms such as the Apple II, Macintosh, Commodore 64, Atari ST, Amiga, and IBM PC to distribute software, transfer data between computers, and create small backups.
15. What was the first document posted?
Answer: Mambo Foundation.
Sheela N. Bagayan
DVD stands for?
DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc” – see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) but store more than 6 times as much data. With so many different formats — DVD+R, DVD+RW, DVD-RAM, DVD-R, DVD-RW, DVD-ROM — how do users know which DVD format is compatible with their existing systems, and why are there so many different formats for DVDs? The following information sheds some light on DVD’s different flavors, the differences between them and the incompatibility issues that the differing technologies have sprouted.
A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking[citation needed].The term continued to be used in the computer industry to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters.
An example (something like ITC Zapf dingbats series 100):
✁ ✂ ✃ ✄
☎
✆ ✇
✈
✉
☛ ☞ ✌
✍ ✎
✏
✐ ✑ ✒ ✓ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✝ ✞ ✟
✠
✡
✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ ✧ ★
✩ ✪ ✫ ✬ ✭ ✮ ✯
✰ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺
✻ ✼ ✽ ✾ ✿
❀ ❁ ❂ ❃ ❄
❅ ❆ ❇ ❈ ❉ ❊ ❋ ● ❍ ■ ❏
❐ ❑ ❒ ▲
▼
◆ ❖ ◗ ❘ ❙ ❚ ❛ ❜ ❝ ❞
Handshake – A transmission that occurs at the beginning of a session between communicating computers. The handshake ensures that the two computers agree on how the transmission will proceed.
-Part of the procedure to set up a datacommunications link. The handshake can be part of the protocol itself or an introductory process: the computers wishing to talk to each other set out the conditions they can operate under. …
The homepage (often written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed. The term is also used to refer to the front page, webserver directory index, or main web page of a website of a group, company, organization, or individual. In some countries, such as Germany, Japan, and Korea, the term “homepage” commonly refers to a complete website (of a company or other organization) rather than to a single web page.
ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.
Ada called herself “an Analyst (& Metaphysician),” and the combination was put to use in the Notes. She understood the plans for the device as well as Babbage but was better at articulating its promise. She rightly saw it as what we would call a general-purpose computer. It was suited for “developing [sic] and tabulating any function whatever. . . the engine [is] the material expression of any indefinite function of any degree of generality and complexity.” Her Notes anticipate future developments, including computer-generated music.
(mō´dem) (n.) Short for modulator-demodulator. A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.
BIT- Short for binary digit, the smallest unit of information on a machine. The term was first used in 1946 by John Tukey, a leading statistician and adviser to five presidents. A single bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1. More meaningful information is obtained by combining consecutive bits into larger units. For example, a byte is composed of 8 consecutive bits.
On almost all modern computers, a byte is equal to 8 bits. Large amounts of memory are indicated in terms of kilobytes (1,024 bytes), megabytes (1,048,576 bytes), and gigabytes (1,073,741,824 bytes).
1byte=2 nibbles
WorldWideWeb was the world’s first Web browser and WYSIWYG HTML editor and was introduced on February 26, 1991 by Tim Berners-Lee and ran on the NeXTSTEP platform. It was later renamed Nexus to avoid confusion with the World Wide Web.
1.DVD-Digital Versatile Disc(formerly Digital Video Disc)
DVD Video For viewing movies and other visual entertainment. The total capacity is 17 Gbytes if two layers on both sides of the disk are utilized. DVD-R Its capacity is 4.7 Gbytes. Originally designed for professional authoring, a version for general consumer use is now under development. As with CD-R, users can write only once to this disk. DVD-RAM This makes DVD a virtual hard disk, with a random read-write access. Originally a 2.6-Gbyte drive, its capacity has increased to 4.7-Gbyte-per-side. It can be re-written more than 100,000 times. DVD-RW Similar to DVD-RAM except that its technology features a sequential read-write access more like a phonograph than a hard disk. Its read-write capacity is 4.7 Gbytes per side. It can be re-written up to about 1,000 times. DVD Audio The latest audio format more than doubles the fidelity of a standard CD. It is expected to become the most popular audio disk.
2. A small picture, such as a star or a pointing finger, that can be inserted into a document. Many sets of dingbats are available as a special font. One of the most popular is Zapf dingbats, named after its creator, Hermann Zapf.
3. A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands.
4. The main page of a Web site. Typically, the home page serves as an index or table of contents to other documents stored at the site.
5. Lifting handles commonly follow the same basic form as bail handles, either mounted to a pair of smaller rosettes or on a larger single plate. Beyond outward similarities there are significant structural differences.
6. The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was the first electronic digital computer, completed in 1946 for the United States military. It was used to compute information for a variety of military tasks until 1955, when it was retired in favor of other, more advanced devices. ENIAC is regarded as one of the forefathers of the modern personal computer, and represents a huge engineering and mathematics accomplishment. Pieces of ENIAC can be seen on display in various museums all over the United States.
7.Ada met and corresponded with Charles Babbage on many occasions, including socially and in relation to Babbage’s Difference Engine and Analytical Engine. Their relationship was not of a romantic nature.Ada was one of the few people who fully understood Babbage’s ideas and created a program for the Analytical Engine. Had the Analytical Engine ever actually been built, her program would have been able to calculate a sequence of Bernoulli numbers. Based on this work, Lovelace is now widely credited with being the first computer programmer.Mathematician /’the first computer programmer’.
8. There are only seven other Intel wafer fabrication facilities like it in the world, mostly in the western United States.But after negotiating with the Chinese government and also getting United States government approval to produce sophisticated equipment here, Intel said it was simply time to move some production of 300-millimeter wafers to China. “China is our fastest-growing major market, and we believe it’s critical that we invest in markets that will provide for future growth to better serve our customers,” Paul S. Otellini, the president and chief executive of Intel, said in a statement.
9. What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
10. The modem is a peripheral device for computers which allows 2 computers to communicate over standard phone lines. Modems come in many shapes and sizes to serve all sorts of needs.The word “modem” stands for “modulator-demodulator”. A modem’s purpose is to convert digital information to analog signals (modulation), and to convert analog signals back into useful digital information (demodulation).
11. A bit is a binary digit, the smallest increment of data on a computer. A bit can hold only one of two values: 0 or 1, corresponding to the electrical values of off or on, respectively.Because bits are so small, you rarely work with information one bit at a time. Bits are usually assembled into a group of eight to form a byte. A byte contains enough information to store a character, like “h”.
bit b 0 or 1
byte B 8 bits
12. November 16th
ICANN selects seven new top level domain names: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro
13. Permission is granted for use of this document in whole or in part for non-commercial purposes as long as this Copyright notice and a link to this document, at the archive listed at the end, is included. A copy of the material the Timeline appears in is requested. For commercial uses, please contact the author first. Links to this document are welcome after e-mailing the author with the document URL where the link will appear. As the Timeline is frequently updated, copies to other locations on the Internet are not permitted.
14. This was totally serendipitous, as it turned out that two of a four operator crew happened to be the best friend of Michael’s and the best friend of his brother. Michael just happened “to be at the right place at the right time” at the time there was more computer time than people knew what to do with, and those operators were encouraged to do whatever they wanted with that fortune in “spare time” in the hopes they would learn more for their job proficiency.
15. The hard disk drive has short and fascinating history. In 24 years it evolved from a monstrosity with fifty two-foot diameter disks holding five MBytes (5,000,000 bytes) of data to today’s drives measuring 3 /12 inches wide and an inch high (and smaller) holding 400 GBytes (400,000,000,000 bytes/characters). Here, then, is the short history of this marvelous device.
16. A CD is only a medium on which to store information; you can think of it as a very large, write-protected floppy disk. The difference is that, while DOS floppy and hard disks are written using the DOS file format, CD-ROMs are written using a standard format called ISO 9660. This standard is so widely accepted that it can be read back on any computer platform including DOS, Macintosh, and UNIX. This is one of the advantages of ISO 9660. In an ideal world, you shouldn’t have to think about ISO 9660 at all when you write a CD; there should be an operating system command similar to the DOS COPY command which would simply copy files from hard disk to CD. The world of recordable CD-ROM isn’t ideal quite yet, so you need an entire software package to do the job. However, we’ve done our best to make it easy for you.
17. Years before personal computers and desktop information processing became commonplace or even practicable, Douglas Carl Engelbart had invented a number of interactive, user-friendly information access systems that we take for granted today: the computer mouse, windows, shared-screen teleconferencing, hypermedia, groupware, and more
19. Any external device that plugs into your computer, such as a printer, modem, scanner, or tape drive.
21. Most accomplished QWERTY typists don’t want to retrain on a new keyboard layout. That’s OK! The real tragedy is kids and new typists who could easily benefit from the Dvorak layout, but learn QWERTY anyway. The only possible excuse for this is that some schools and workplaces make it hard to use Dvorak. It is also a worry that some new technologies might not include Dvorak as an option. To address these worries, this site has begun to focus on ways to Promote Dvorak Availability.
23. A computer virus is a program designed to spread itself by first infecting
executable files or the system areas of hard and floppy disks and then
making copies of itself. Viruses usually operate without the knowledge or
desire of the computer user.
24. Italian physicist Alessandro Volta made a number of discoveries in the late 18th and early 19th century critical to the then all-new and growing field of electricity. His development of the first electric pile preceded the modern battery and this, among many other accomplishments, led fellow scientists to immortalize him by naming the unit for electromagnetic force, the volt, in his honor.
25. By using Mac OS X and Macromedia Director on a Power Mac with Velocity Engine, the Delphis team has created a neural network system that combines real-time sound recognition with the interactive touch-screen interface. This allows scientists to observe the dolphins interacting with the computer images, as well as read digitized voiceprints of dolphin vocalizations and flexibly modify and play them back to the flippered computer jocks. Creating an entirely new cross-species language has never been done — Delphis’ approach to creating a common language is to use an intentionally artificial construct based on the whistles and clicks dolphins use to communicate with one another.
1. What does DVD stand for?
DVD ( Digital Versatile Disc ” or ” Digital Video Disc)
How many DVD formats are available?
2. What is a dingbat?
A small picture, such as a star or a pointing finger, that can be inserted into a document. Many sets of dingbats are available as a special font. One of the most popular is Zapf dingbats, named after its creator, Hermann Zapf.
3. What is a handshake?
“The PRINTER handshake signals are set in an identical manner.
4. What is a home page?
The only online dictionary and search engine you need for computer and Internet technology definitions.
5. What handles can you not hold in your hand?
6. What was ENIAC?
The Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) is a high-speed electronic computing machine which operates on discrete variables.
7. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
8. What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
9. What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
10. What does modem stand for anyway?
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
What is a bit?
How many bits are in a byte?
How many nibbles are in a byte?
12. The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee? (Hint: Use the Find command to making searching this page easier. Go Edit …Find. Enter a keyword for what you are looking for (a name, or the word “web” for example). Click Find. To repeat the process go Edit … Find again.)
14. Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information.
What was the first document posted?
15. When were floppy disks introduced?
16. How many megabytes of data can a factory made audio CD hold?
17. Douglas Engelbart was a computer visionary of the 1960’s. What did he invent that you find handy?
18. What do the letters CD-ROM stand for?
19. Name three computer peripherals.
20. What does GUI (pronounced “goo-ey”) mean?
21 What is an advantage of the Dvorak keyboard?
22. What is a computer virus?
23. How did Marcian Hoff’s invention change computers? Look him up.
24. Apple Computer’s G4 is a supercomputer because its operations can be measured in gigaflops. What is a gigaflop?
25. What mammal, other than humans, uses a computer?
26. This teacher’s web page is an example of:
27. Write your school’s home page URL (web address)
Armida Pasig
ANSWERS
1. DVD stands for Digital Video Disc or Digital Versatile Disc, a CD-sized disc that can store close to five gigabytes of information per side
2. Dingbat is asmall picture, such as a star or a pointing finger, that can be inserted into a document.
3. A handshake is a transmission that occurs at the beginning of a session between communicating computers. The handshake ensures that the two computers agree on how the transmission will proceed.
4. Home page is generally the first page retrieved when accessing a Web site. Usually a “home” page acts as the starting point for a user to access information on the site. The “home” page usually has some type of table of contents for the rest of the site information or other materials.
5. Bucket handle. Because its in your knee!
6. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, the first operational electronic digital computer in the U.S., developed by Army Ordnance to compute World War II ballistic firing tables.
7. ?
8. ?
9. ?
10. The modem is a peripheral device for computers which allows 2 computers to communicate over standard phone lines. Modems come in many shapes and sizes to serve all sorts of needs. The word “modem” stands for “modulator-demodulator.
BIT (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1.
There are 8 bits in 1 byte.
There are 4 nibbles in 1
11.?
12?
13.It was mid 1990’s
14.?
15.1970
1.) What does DVD stands for?
DVD
Media type: Optical disc
Capacity: ~4.7 GB (single-sided single-layer), ~8.54 GB (single-sided double-layer)
Read mechanism: 1350 kB/s (1×)
Write mechanism: 1350 kB/s (1×)
Usage: Data storage, audio, video, games
DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc” – see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) but store more than 6 times as much data.
Variations of the term DVD often describe the way data is stored on the discs: DVD-ROM has data which can only be read and not written, DVD-R and DVD+R can be written once and then functions as a DVD-ROM, and DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, or DVD+RW holds data that can be erased and thus re-written multiple times.
DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs respectively refer to properly formatted and structured video and audio content. Other types of DVD discs, including those with video content, may be referred to as DVD-Data discs. The term “DVD” is commonly misused to refer to high definition optical disc formats in general, such as Blu-ray and HD DVD.
How many DVD formats are available?
There are 5 DVD formats available. Non-recordable formats, Recordable formats, supported by the DVD Forum, Recordable formats, supported by the DVD+RW Alliance, Recordable formats, & Application Formats.
2.) Dingbat
A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking[citation needed].
The term continued to be used in the computer industry to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters.
3.) Handshake
Two modems perform a handshake each time they meet, just as two people shake hands to greet each other. If the modem speaker is on, you can actually hear the handshake — it’s that annoying series of squeals and signals. The handshake helps the modems determine how they will exchange information.
4.) Home page
An introductory screen on the World Wide Web, used to welcome visitors. A home page can include special underlined text or graphics you click on to jump to related information on other pages on the Web. Many individuals, businesses, and organizations now have home pages on the World Wide Web. See also WORLD WIDE WEB.
5.) Handles
Little squares at the edges and corners of a selected graphic on your screen. You can move a handle with your mouse pointer to resize or reshape the graphic.
6.) ENIAC
ENIAC is built in 1945.
A bank of blinking lights indicate the mysterious processes going on within: That classic symbol of a computer has lasted long after computers evolved into friendly desktop tools. This was not a dream of science fiction, but a representation of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer), the gigantic machine credited with starting the modern computer age.
ENIAC, with its 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, and 6,000 manual switches, was a monument of engineering — and an energy hog. The city of Philadelphia reportedly experienced brown-outs when ENIAC drew power at its home at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania.
7.) Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (1815-1852)
Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, was one of the most picturesque characters in computer history. August Ada Byron was born December 10, 1815 the daughter of the illustrious poet, Lord Byron. Five weeks after Ada was born Lady Byron asked for a separation from Lord Byron, and was awarded sole custody of Ada who she brought up to be a mathematician and scientist. Lady Byron was terrified that Ada might end up being a poet like her father. Despite Lady Byron’s programming Ada did not sublimate her poetical inclinations. She hoped to be “an analyst and a metaphysician”. In her 30’s she wrote her mother, if you can’t give me poetry, can’t you give me “poetical science?” Her understanding of mathematics was laced with imagination, and described in metaphors.
After she wrote the description of Babbage’s Analytical Engine her life was plagued with illnesses, and her social life, in addition to Charles Babbage, included Sir David Brewster (the originator of the kaleidoscope), Charles Wheatstone, Charles Dickens and Michael Faraday. Her interests ranged from music to horses to calculating machines. She has been used as a character in Gibson and Sterling’s the Difference Engine, shown writing letters to Babbage in the series ” The Machine that Changed the World” and I have gathered her letters and writings in “Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Lord Byron’s Daughter and Her Description of the First Computer Though her life was short (like her father, she died at 36), Ada anticipated by more than a century most of what we think is brand-new computing.
8.) What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
Silicon Wafers cut from an ingot of pure silicon are used by Intel to make microprocessors. Silicon, the primary ingredient of beach sand, is a semiconductor of electricity. Semiconductors are materials that can be altered to be either a conductor or an insulator.
9.) What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
Silvery suit.
10.) modem
Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio.
What is a bit? How many bits are in a byte? How many nibbles are in a byte?
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes. In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte. The value of a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a memory device.
Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble. In some systems, the term octet is used for an eight-bit unit instead of byte. In many systems, four eight-bit bytes or octets form a 32-bit word. In such systems, instruction lengths are sometimes expressed as full-word (32 bits in length) or half-word (16 bits in length).
In telecommunication, the bit rate is the number of bits that are transmitted in a given time period, usually a second.
11.) I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
12.) The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
The Internet.
13.) In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee?
1991.
14.) Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information. What was the first document posted?
“Declaration of Independence”
15.) When were floppy disks introduced?
1970.
16.) How many megabytes of data can a factory made audio CD hold?
About 650 megabytes.
17.) Douglas Engelbart was a computer visionary of the 1960’s. What did he invent that you find handy?
Shared-screen teleconferencing.
18.) What do the letters CD-ROM stand for?
Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. A standard for compact disc to be used as digital memory media for personal computers. The specifications for CD-ROM were first defined in the Yellow Book.
19.) Name three computer peripherals.
Printer, modem, & scanner.
20.) GUI
A GUI (usually pronounced GOO-ee) is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer. As you read this, you are looking at the GUI or graphical user interface of your particular Web browser. The term came into existence because the first interactive user interfaces to computers were not graphical; they were text-and-keyboard oriented and usually consisted of commands you had to remember and computer responses that were infamously brief. The command interface of the DOS operating system (which you can still get to from your Windows operating system) is an example of the typical user-computer interface before GUIs arrived. An intermediate step in user interfaces between the command line interface and the GUI was the non-graphical menu-based interface, which let you interact by using a mouse rather than by having to type in keyboard commands.
21.) What is an advantage of the Dvorak keyboard?
It is a vastly more comfortable and efficient alternative to the standard “QWERTY” pattern, which was designed in the 1800s with no effective attempt at typing comfort.
1. What does DVD stand for?
-DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc” – see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) but store more than 6 times as much data.
How many DVD formats are available?
2. What is a dingbat?
-A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking.
3. What is a handshake?
A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands. Its origins are unclear, although Philip A. Busterson’s seminal 1978 work Social Rituals of the British traces its roots back to Sir Walter Raleigh, claiming he introduced the custom into the British Court during the late 16th Century.
4. What is a home page?
The homepage (often written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed. The term is also used to refer to the front page, webserver directory index, or main web page of a website of a group, company, organization, or individual. In some countries, such as Germany, Japan, and Korea, the term “homepage” commonly refers to a complete website (of a company or other organization) rather than to a single web page.
5. What handles can you not hold in your hand?
a system for uniquely numbering digital objects. Most well known application is in digital object identifiers.
6. What was ENIAC?
ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.
7. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
During a nine-month period in 1842–1843, Ada translated Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea’s memoir on Babbage’s newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. With the article, she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Engine, recognized by historians as the world’s first computer program. Biographers debate the extent of her original contributions, with some holding that the programs were written by Babbage himself. Babbage wrote the following on the subject, in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (1846).
8. What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
-The micro-PGA2 consists of a BGA package mounted to an interposer with small pins. The pins are 1.25 mm long and 0.30 mm in diameter. While there are several micro-PGA2 socket designs available, all of them are designed to allow zero-insertion force removal and insertion of the mobile Pentium III processor.
The micro-Flip Chip Plastic Grid Array (micro-FCPGA) package contains 478-pins, yet does not use interposer, which allows for a thinner processor). Different from the micro-PGA2 processors, is that the micro-FCPGA has a capacitor area on the underside with the pins. The pins are 2.03 mm long and 0.32 mm in diameter.
9. What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
10. What does modem stand for anyway?
-Modulation Demodulation.
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
What is a bit?
A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long, or in most cases, one modern PC byte. Binary digits are a basic unit of information storage and communication in digital computing and digital information theory. Information theory also often uses the natural digit, called either a nit or a nat. Quantum computing also uses qubits, a single piece of information with a probability of being true.
The bit is also a unit of measurement, the information capacity of one binary digit. It has the symbol bit, or b (see discussion below). The unit is also known as the shannon, with symbol Sh.
How many bits are in a byte?
32bits
How many nibbles are in a byte?
158niblles
12. The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
-Packet switching
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee? (Hint: Use the Find command to making searching this page easier. Go Edit …Find. Enter a keyword for what you are looking for (a name, or the word “web” for example). Click Find. To repeat the process go Edit … Find again.)
1989
1.What does DVD stands for?
DVD
DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc” – see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) but store more than 6 times as much data.
Variations of the term DVD often describe the way data is stored on the discs: DVD-ROM has data which can only be read and not written, DVD-R and DVD+R can be written once and then functions as a DVD-ROM, and DVD-RAM, DVD-RW, or DVD+RW holds data that can be erased and thus re-written multiple times.
DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs respectively refer to properly formatted and structured video and audio content. Other types of DVD discs, including those with video content, may be referred to as DVD-Data discs. The term “DVD” is commonly misused to refer to high definition optical disc formats in general, such as Blu-ray and HD DVD.
• How many DVD format are available
There are 5 DVD format.
2.What is a dingbat?
A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking.
The term continued to be used in the computer industry to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters.
3.What is a handshake?
A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands. Its origins are unclear, although Philip A. Busterson’s seminal 1978 work Social Rituals of the British traces its roots back to Sir Walter Raleigh, claiming he introduced the custom into the British Court during the late 16th Century.
4.What is a home page?
The homepage (often written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed. The term is also used to refer to the front page, webserver directory index, or main web page of a website of a group, company, organization, or individual.
5.What handles can you not hold in your hand?
6.What was ENIAC?
ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.
7.What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
Eugene Eric Kim and Betty Alexandra Toole published a May 1999 article on Ada Byron’s contribution, “Ada and the First Computer,” which can be bought from the Scientific American. Other books and articles are also available as listed in the AdaIC’s bibliography.
8.What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
Silicon wafer
9.Waht do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
Silvery suit
10.What does modem stand for anyway?
Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio.
11.I think the person who coined these computer must have been hungry.
What is a Bit?
A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long, or in most cases, one modern PC byte. Binary digits are a basic unit of information storage and communication in digital computing and digital information theory. Information theory also often uses the natural digit, called either a nit or a nat. Quantum computing also uses qubits, a single piece of information with a probability of being true.
How many bits are in a bytes?
There are 8 bits in a byte
How many nibbles in a byte?
There are 4 nibbles in a byte
12. The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee? (Hint: Use the Find command to making searching this page easier. Go Edit …Find. Enter a keyword for what you are looking for (a name, or the word “web” for example). Click Find. To repeat the process go Edit … Find again.)
• Tim Berners Lee created the first World Wide Web software in the year 1989.
14. Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information.
What was the first document posted?
The first document to be added to Project Gutenburg was the Declaration of Independence
William Herndon of Lowndes High School
15. When were floppy disks introduced?
1971
16. How many megabytes of data can a factory made audio CD hold?
700MB any CD
17. Douglas Engelbart was a computer visionary of the 1960’s. What did he invent that you find handy?
He invent computer mouse
18. What do the letters CD-ROM stand for?
CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact Disc read-only memory”) is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer. While the Compact Disc format was originally designed for music storage and playback, the format was later adapted to hold any form of binary data. CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including games and multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). Some CDs hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, whilst data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as PC CD-ROMs). These are called Enhanced CDs.
19. Name three computer peripherals.
Hub
Card Reader
Computer Casing
20. What does GUI (pronounced “goo-ey”) mean?
A graphical user interface or GUI (IPA: /ˈɡuːiː/) is a type of user interface which allows people to interact with a computer and computer-controlled devices. Instead of offering only text menus, or requiring typed commands: graphical icons, visual indicators or special graphical elements called “widgets”, are presented. Often the icons are used in conjunction with text, labels or text navigation to fully represent the information and actions available to a user. The actions are usually performed through direct manipulation of the graphical elements.
21 What is an advantage of the Dvorak keyboard?
22. What is a computer virus?
A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
23. How did Marcian Hoff’s invention change computers? Look him up.
24. Apple Computer’s G4 is a supercomputer because its operations can be measured in gigaflops. What is a gigaflop?
25. What mammal, other than humans, uses a computer?
26. This teacher’s web page is an example of:
27. Write your school’s home page URL (web address)
—->> By Cindy O’Hora
1. What does DVD stand for?
• DVD stands for Digital Versatile Disc
How many DVD formats are available? 4
2. What is a dingbat?
• A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking[citation needed].
• The term continued to be used in the computer industry to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters.
3. What is a handshake?
• handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hand
• The handshake is initiated when the two hands touch, immediately. It is commonly done upon meeting, greeting, parting, offering congratulations, or completing an agreement. Its purpose is to convey trust, balance, and equality.[1] Handshakes possibly originated as a gesture showing that the hand holds no weapon.
4. What is a home page?
• The homepage (often written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed. The term is also used to refer to the front page, webserver directory index, or main web page of a website of a group, company, organization, or individual. In some countries, such as Germany, Japan, and Korea, the term “homepage” commonly refers to a complete website (of a company or other organization) rather than to a single web page.
5. What handles can you not hold in your hand?
• Bucket handle. Because its in your knee!
• Handles, as in CB radio handles, aka nicknames when using a cb radio.
•
6. What was ENIAC?
• short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer
• capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,
7. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
• There may be controversy about when the computer revolution began, but to me a revolution begins with an idea, and that idea was Charles Babbage’s Analytical Engine conceived in 1834. The computer revolution also began with a woman, Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, who wrote an article in 1843 that not only gave us descriptive, analytical, contextual, and metaphysical information about the Analytical Engine but also the first “program.” Her prescient comments have stood the test of time. Augusta Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (1815-1852), is regarded by some people as the first programmer and by others as a science fiction archetype, perhaps as “mad and bad” as her illustrious father, Lord Byron. At the very least, Ada is one of the most colorful characters in computer history.
8. What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
• Jordan Chips are chips used at Intel to make computer chips.
9.What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
• Often they use “Tyvec”
10. What does modem stand for anyway? (Search the site)
• http://www.physics.udel.edu/~watson/student_projects/scen167/thosguys/modem.html
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
What is a bit?
• A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long, or in most cases, one modern PC byte. Binary digits are a basic unit of information storage and communication in digital computing and digital information theory.
How many bits are in a byte?
• 1 byte = 8 bits
How many nibbles are in a byte?
• 1 byte = 2 nibbles
12. The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
• wide area computer network established in 1968 that primarily connected universities and research centers
• Forerunner of the Internet created by the United States military during the cold war. ARPANET was designed by its founders to be a military command and control center that could withstand nuclear attack. ARPANET’s founders designed it so that authority was distributed over a large number of geographically dispersed computers. This concept of a computer network with distributed authority is the basis of the Internet. Theoretically, if 90% of the Internet were destroyed by nuclear attack, the remaining servers would be able to continue on–assuming that all life on Earth were not obliterated. Over time the defense-oriented purpose of the Internet was broadened to include research and development, universities and education, and recently, commerce.
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee? (Hint: Use the Find command to making searching this page easier. Go Edit …Find. Enter a keyword for what you are looking for (a name, or the word “web” for example). Click Find. To repeat the process go Edit … Find again.)
• 1980
14. Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information.
What was the first document posted?
• Project Gutenberg Australia hosts many texts which are public domain according to Australian copyright law, but still under copyright (or of uncertain status) in the United States, with a focus on Australian writers and books about Australia.[19]
• Projekt Gutenberg-DE claims copyright for its product and limits access to browsable web-versions of its texts.[20]
• Project Gutenberg Consortia Center is an affiliate specializing in collections of collections. These do not have the editorial oversight or consistent formatting of the main Project Gutenberg. Thematic collections, as well as numerous languages, are featured.[21]
• PG-EU is a sister project which operates under the copyright law of the European Union. One of its aims is to include as many languages as possible into Project Gutenberg. It operates in Unicode to ensure that all alphabets can be represented easily and correctly.[22]
• Project Gutenberg of the Philippines aims to “make as many books available to as many people as possible, with a special focus on the Philippines and Philippine languages”.[23]
• Project Gutenberg Europe is a project run by Project Rastko in Serbia. It aims at being a Project Gutenberg for all of Europe, and has started to post its first projects in 2005. It is running the Distributed Proofreaders software to quickly produce etexts.[24]
• Project Gutenberg Luxembourg publishes mostly, but not exclusively, books that are written in Luxembourgish.[25]
• Projekti Lönnrot is a project started by Finnish Project Gutenberg volunteers which derives its name from Elias Lönnrot, who was a Finnish philologist.[26]
• Project Gutenberg Canada.[27]
• Project Gutenberg of the Philippines[28]
15. When were floppy disks introduced?
• from the middle 1970s to the late 1990s.
16. How many megabytes of data can a factory made audio CD hold?
• 700MB any CD is 700MB
a DVD varies 4.7GB as standard though
17. Douglas Engelbart was a computer visionary of the 1960’s. What did he invent that you find handy?
• the computer mouse
18. What do the letters CD-ROM stand for?
• Compact Disc – Read Only Memory
19. Name three computer peripherals.
• Avnet Technology Solution
• Free Technology Tools
• Industrial Keyboards
20. What does GUI (pronounced “goo-ey”) mean?
• it means “graphical user interface.”
21 What is an advantage of the Dvorak keyboard?
• Supposedly the Dvorak keyboard was designed so that people who were learning how to type would be able to find the most useful characters more easily. This is as opposed to the Qwerty keyboard (which is commonly used) which was designed to be confusing and to slow down people who were typing on it if they could not touch type.
22. What is a computer virus?
• A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs.
24. Apple Computer’s G4 is a supercomputer because its operations can be measured in gigaflops. What is a gigaflop?
• As a measure of computer speed, a gigaflop is a billion floating-point operations per second (FLOPS).
25. What mammal, other than humans, uses a computer?
• MONKEYS USE COMPUTERS
26. This teacher’s web page is an example of:
• Teacher Web Page Template
27. Write your school’s home page URL (web address)
—->> By Cindy O’Hora
• http://www.ucu.educ
• http://homepage.mac.com/cohora/ext/cart.html
• http://hea-www.harvard.edu/ECT/the_book/
1. What does DVD stands for?
DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc” – see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) but store more than 6 times as much data.
How many DVD formats are available?
There are several competing DVD Formats:
• Non-recordable formats
• Recordable formats, supported by the DVD Forum
• Recordable formats, supported by the DVD+RW Alliance
• Recordable formats
• Application Formats
2. What is dingbat?
A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking.
3. What is handshake?
A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands.
4. What is homepage?
An introductory screen on the World Wide Web, used to welcome visitors. A home page can include special underlined text or graphics you click on to jump to related information on other pages on the Web. Many individuals, businesses, and organizations now have home pages on the World Wide Web.
5. What handles can you not hold in your hand?
Little squares at the edges and corners of a selected graphic on your screen. You can move a handle with your mouse pointer to resize or reshape the graphic.
6. What was ENIAC?
ENIAC is built
1945
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer), the gigantic machine credited with starting the modern computer age.
ENIAC, with its 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, and 6,000 manual switches, was a monument of engineering — and an energy hog. The city of Philadelphia reportedly experienced brown-outs when ENIAC drew power at its home at the Moore School of Electrical Engingeering at the University of Pennsylvania.
ENIAC was a product of World War II. The military needed to develop firing tables for its artillery, so that gunners in the field could quickly look up which settings to use with a particular weapon on a particular target under particular conditions. The equations to determine these figures were so complex, they took days for a human to calculate; existing mechanical calculators could do slightly better. The Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL), responsible for providing these figures to soldiers in the field, was falling behind. But BRL heard about the work of John Mauchly at the Moore School. In 1942, he had suggested using vacuum tubes to speed computer calculations.
7. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
Ada suggested to Babbage writing a plan for how the engine might calculate Bernoulli numbers. This plan, is now regarded as the first “computer program.” A software language developed by the U.S. Department of Defense was named “Ada” in her honor in 1979.
8. What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
Computer chip technology is in all sorts of everyday items, from space shuttles to coffee makers, traffic lights, and computers. A basic rule of thumb is, if a device uses electricity and you can “tell it what to do” by programming it or customizing it, there’s a chip inside.
Chips perform various tasks by design, meaning that some are more complex than others. The most sophisticated chip is a microprocessor, whose transistors can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second. A microprocessor is the most complex manufactured product on earth. In fact, it takes hundreds of steps in the world’s cleanest environment to make microprocessors.
Many ingredients and dozens of steps are needed to make a microprocessor like the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor. Recipes for making microprocessors vary, depending on the intended use of the chip.
9. What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips
10. What does modem stand for anyway? (Search the site)
Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information.
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes. In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte. The value of a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a memory device.
How many bits are in a byte?
In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte.
How many nibbles are in a byte?
Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble.
18. What do the letters CD-ROM stand for?
CD-ROM
Compact Disc-Read Only Memory. A standard for compact disc to be used as digital memory media for personal computers. The specifications for CD-ROM were first defined in the Yellow Book.
19. Name three computer peripherals.
Any external device that plugs into your computer, such as a printer, modem, scanner, or tape drive.
22. What is a computer virus?
A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
1.DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc” – see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) but store more than 6 times as much data.
TWO DVD FORMATS
DVD-Video and DVD-Audio discs respectively refer to properly formatted and structured video and audio content. Other types of DVD discs, including those with video content, may be referred to as DVD-Data discs. The term “DVD” is commonly misused to refer to high definition optical disc formats in general, such as Blu-ray and HD DVD.
style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text 2.A Dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking.
3.Handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands.
The handshake is initiated when the two hands touch, immediately. It is commonly done upon meeting, greeting, parting, offering congratulations, or completing an agreement.
Handshakes possibly originated as a gesture showing that the hand holds no weapon.
4.e Homepage (often known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed. The term is also used to refer to the front page, webserver directory index, or main web page of a website of a group, company, organization, or individual.
5. Handle System® is a general purpose distributed information system that provides efficient, extensible, and secure HDL identifier and resolution services for use on networks such as the Internet. It includes an open set of protocols, a namespace, and a reference implementation of the protocols. The protocols enable a distributed computer system to store identifiers, known as handles, of arbitrary resources and resolve those handles into the information necessary to locate, access, contact, authenticate, or otherwise make use of the resources. This information can be changed as needed to reflect the current state of the identified resource without changing its identifier, thus allowing the name of the item to persist over changes of location and other related state information. The original version of the Handle System technology was developed with support from the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
6.IAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic .
7. Ada Byron (1815-1852)
• Augusta Ada Byron was born to Anna Isabella Milbanke and George Gordon Noel Byron (1788-1824), the famous poet Lord Byron, on 10 December 1815 in London, England.
• Ada received mathematical tutoring from Augustus DeMorgan (1806-1871). Ada’s mother had an interest in mathematics and the desire to encourage the rational aspects of Ada’s character in opposition to the romantic influences of her father.
10.MODEM (molators-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio.
A is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 Binary digits are a basic unit of information storage and communication in digital computing and digital information theory. or 1. The bit is also a unit of measurement, the information capacity of one binary digit.
11. 8 bits in a byte.
14.File Formats
Other formats, such as HTML, XML, RTF, and others are also welcome, but plain text is the “lowest common denominator.” We stress the inclusion of plain text because of its longevity: Project Gutenberg includes numerous text files that are 20-30 years old. In that time, dozens of widely used file formats have come and gone. Text is accessible on all computers, and is also insurance against future obsolescence.
Insistence on plain text can be a problem for harvesting eBooks (see below), but is still a firm requirement. The only times when Project Gutenberg distributes an eBook without a plain text version are when plain text is impossible or impractical — for example, for our movies and MP3 audio files, and for some of our mathematical works.
15.Floppy Disk introduced in the year 1980s & 1990s.
16. Douglas C. Engelbart (born January 30, 1925 in Oregon) is an American inventor. He is best known for inventing the computer mouse (in a joint effort with Bill English); as a pioneer of human-computer interaction whose team developed hypertext, networked computers, and precursors to GUIs; and as a committed and vocal proponent of the development and use of computers and networks to help cope with the world’s increasingly urgent and complex problems.
17. CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact Disc read-only memory”) is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer.
18.Three Computer periphrals
1. Desktop Computer Systems
2.Laptop Computers
1.The DVD
The CD (Compact Disc) is over fifteen years old, an eternity for things digital. The DVD is designed to replace CDs. (By DVD committee decree, DVD does not stand for anything, not even Digital Versatile Disc.) Improvements to the CD have been technically possible for a long time. The impetus for making the change now is movies, replacing videotape. A DVD can be stamped out for less than a dollar. It replaces videotapes that cost more than twice as much per copy. CDs were for music; DVDs are for video.
DVDs in Document Management
While DVDs were not created for document management, they are useful for storing digital documents. DVDs can store from six to twenty-five times as many documents as a CD, depending on the DVD configuration. DVD readers cost ten times as much as CD readers today. DVD writers cost fifty times as much as CD writers today. DVD and CD costs should be about the same for disc media, readers, and writers in about two to three years.
Configurations
A CD has a capacity of 650 MegaBytes. Using the industry standard of 50 KiloBytes per scanned page, a CD can store about ten thousand scanned pages along with indexing overhead and possibly a document viewer. Ten thousand pages is about the number of pages stored in a standard four drawer file cabinet, or in four standard records storage cartons, or on eight linear feet of open shelving, or on four one hundred foot rolls of sixteen millimeter microfilm.
DVDs come in two sizes, the mini-CD size of about 3 1/2 inches in diameter, and the standard CD size of just over 4 inches in diameter. This section only describes the standard size DVDs. These DVDs look just like standard CDs.
DVDs have two useable sides. Each side can have two layers for a total of four layers per disc.
Turning Over Two-Sided DVDs
Currently, there are no DVD drives that have two heads, so DVDs that have information recorded on two sides must be turned over. This process is as difficult as inserting a different DVD, so the main reason to have two sided DVDs is to reduce the number of DVDs that have to be physically managed, not to increase the amount of information ‘under- head’ in the DVD disc reader. Two headed DVD drives are technically possible, and may eliminate the need to turn DVDs over (disc flipping).
DVD Types
DVDs come in ROM (Read Only Memory), WORM (Write Once Read Many), and RW (Read Write) versions. ROM is the format in which music and software CDs are sold. WORM is the format in which document management systems write documents to CDs. RW is a format that is rewritable (like magneto optical or phase change discs). RW discs have not been available in a standard format for CDs.
DVD ROM (Read Only Memory)
DVD ROMs can have one, two, three, or four readable layers. The top layer of each side of a disc can store 4.7 GigaBytes of documents, or about eighty thousand scanned pages and associated indexes, eight times the ten thousand scanned pages a CD can store. The top layer is translucent (see-through) so that the lower layer can be read. The translucency reduces the amount of data that can be read from the lower layer. The lower layer can store 3.8 GigaBytes of documents, or about sixty thousand scanned pages. A four layer DVD ROM can store 17 GigaBytes of documents, or about two hundred and eighty thousand pages per four layer DVD ROM. For estimating purposes, this can be rounded to a working figure of about one quarter million pages. DVD ROMs can only be used in document management if you plan to publish one thousand or more copies of your scanned documents; the way music or software is published.
DVD WORM (Write Once Read Many)
DVD WORMs can store 3.95 GigaBytes per layer. DVD WORMs can have two sides, but only one layer per side. DVD WORMs with two sides can store 7.9 GigaBytes per double-sided DVD WORM disc. For estimating purposes, the capacity of a double-sided DVD can be rounded to a working figure of about one hundred thousand pages (fifty thousand pages per side) or about the same capacity as 10 CDs.
DVD RW (Read Write)
DVD RWs can store 2.6 GigaBytes per layer, or about forty thousand pages per layer. DVD RWs can have two sides, but only one layer per side. DVD RWs with two sides can store 5.2 GigaBytes, or about eighty thousand pages per double sided DVD RW disc.
1.
2. Special characters like stars, hands, arrows, and geometric shapes you can use to decorate a document. A collection of dingbats is found in a popular font called Wingdings.
3. Two modems perform a handshake each time they meet, just as two people shake hands to greet each other. If the modem speaker is on, you can actually hear the handshake — it’s that annoying series of squeals and signals. The handshake helps the modems determine how they will exchange information.
4An introductory screen on the World Wide Web, used to welcome visitors. A home page can include special underlined text or graphics you click on to jump to related information on other pages on the Web. Many individuals, businesses, and organizations now have home pages on the World Wide Web. See also WORLD WIDE WEB.
5Little squares at the edges and corners of a selected graphic on your screen. You can move a handle with your mouse pointer to resize or reshape the graphic.
6ENIAC is built
1945
Photo: ENIAC
A bank of blinking lights indicate the mysterious processes going on within: That classic symbol of a computer has lasted long after computers evolved into friendly desktop tools. This was not a dream of science fiction, but a representation of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer), the gigantic machine credited with starting the modern computer age.
ENIAC, with its 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, and 6,000 manual switches, was a monument of engineering — and an energy hog. The city of Philadelphia reportedly experienced brown-outs when ENIAC drew power at its home at the Moore School of Electrical Engingeering at the University of Pennsylvania.
ENIAC was a product of World War II. The military needed to develop firing tables for its artillery, so that gunners in the field could quickly look up which settings to use with a particular weapon on a particular target under particular conditions. The equations to determine these figures were so complex, they took days for a human to calculate; existing mechanical calculators could do slightly better. The Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL), responsible for providing these figures to soldiers in the field, was falling behind. But BRL heard about the work of John Mauchly at the Moore School. In 1942, he had suggested using vacuum tubes to speed computer calculations.
Lieutenant Herman Goldstine of the BRL followed up on this. Soon BRL commissioned work on a new high-speed computer with Mauchly as chief consultant, his colleague J. Presper Eckert as chief engineer, and Goldstine as liaison. This was in 1943. It took about a year to design ENIAC, and 18 months to build it. By the time it was completed, in November 1945, the war had been over for three months. The project was 200 percent over budget (total cost approximately $500,000). But it had achieved what it set out to do. A calulation like finding the cube root of 2589 to the 16th power could be done in a fraction of a second. In a whole second ENIAC could execute 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications, and 38 divisions. This was up to a thousand times faster than its predecessors. A little too late for World War II, ENIAC was kept busy through the Cold War, working on such projects as calculations for the design of a hydrogen bomb.
ENIAC’s main drawback was that programming it was a nightmare. In that sense it was not a general use computer. To change its program meant essentially rewiring it, with punchcards and switches in wiring plugboards. It could take a team two days to reprogram the machine.
Despite its flaws, the lessons learned from ENIAC helped computer developers improve the next generation, including EDVAC, UNIVAC, and Whirlwind, all of which improved upon programmability and memory storage. One of ENIAC’s greatest feats was in showing the potential of what could be done.
7Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (1815-1852)
Contributed by Dr. Betty Toole
Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, was one of the most picturesque characters in computer history. August Ada Byron was born December 10, 1815 the daughter of the illustrious poet, Lord Byron. Five weeks after Ada was born Lady Byron asked for a separation from Lord Byron, and was awarded sole custody of Ada who she brought up to be a mathematician and scientist. Lady Byron was terrified that Ada might end up being a poet like her father. Despite Lady Byron’s programming Ada did not sublimate her poetical inclinations. She hoped to be “an analyst and a metaphysician”. In her 30’s she wrote her mother, if you can’t give me poetry, can’t you give me “poetical science?” Her understanding of mathematics was laced with imagination, and described in metaphors.
At the age of 17 Ada was introduced to Mary Somerville, a remarkable woman who translated LaPlace’s works into English, and whose texts were used at Cambridge. Though Mrs. Somerville encouraged Ada in her mathematical studies, she also attempted to put mathematics and technology into an appropriate human context. It was at a dinner party at Mrs. Somerville’s that Ada heard in November, 1834, Babbage’s ideas for a new calculating engine, the Analytical Engine. He conjectured: what if a calculating engine could not only foresee but could act on that foresight. Ada was touched by the “universality of his ideas”. Hardly anyone else was.
Babbage worked on plans for this new engine and reported on the developments at a seminar in Turin, Italy in the autumn of 1841. An Italian, Menabrea, wrote a summary of what Babbage described and published an article in French about the development. Ada, in 1843, married to the Earl of Lovelace and the mother of three children under the age of eight, translated Menabrea’s article. When she showed Babbage her translation he suggested that she add her own notes, which turned out to be three times the length of the original article. Letters between Babbage and Ada flew back and forth filled with fact and fantasy. In her article, published in 1843, Lady Lovelace’s prescient comments included her predictions that such a machine might be used to compose complex music, to produce graphics, and would be used for both practical and scientific use. She was correct.
When inspired Ada could be very focused and a mathematical taskmaster. Ada suggested to Babbage writing a plan for how the engine might calculate Bernoulli numbers. This plan, is now regarded as the first “computer program.” A software language developed by the U.S. Department of Defense was named “Ada” in her honor in 1979.
After she wrote the description of Babbage’s Analytical Engine her life was plagued with illnesses, and her social life, in addition to Charles Babbage, included Sir David Brewster (the originator of the kaleidoscope), Charles Wheatstone, Charles Dickens and Michael Faraday. Her interests ranged from music to horses to calculating machines. She has been used as a character in Gibson and Sterling’s the Difference Engine, shown writing letters to Babbage in the series ” The Machine that Changed the World” and I have gathered her letters and writings in “Ada, The Enchantress of Numbers: A Selection from the Letters of Lord Byron’s Daughter and Her Description of the First Computer Though her life was short (like her father, she died at 36), Ada anticipated by more than a century most of what we think is brand-new computing.
8
Computer chip technology is in all sorts of everyday items, from space shuttles to coffee makers, traffic lights, and computers. A basic rule of thumb is, if a device uses electricity and you can “tell it what to do” by programming it or customizing it, there’s a chip inside.
Chips perform various tasks by design, meaning that some are more complex than others. The most sophisticated chip is a microprocessor, whose transistors can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
A microprocessor is the most complex manufactured product on earth. In fact, it takes hundreds of steps in the world’s cleanest environment to make microprocessors.
9
10
11Many ingredients and dozens of steps are needed to make a microprocessor like the Intel® Pentium® 4 processor. Recipes for making microprocessors vary, depending on the intended use of the chip.
Continue learning more about the process of chip building by starting with the next section on preparation of the materials. Here you will learn how important ingredients like silicon are prepared for the manufacturing process. Next, you can view a demonstration of the fabrication process.
12700 BC
to indicate humor in message board posts.
Homing pigeons carry messages in ancient Greece.
1536
May 4th
In a letter Florentine merchant Francesco Lapi uses the @ sign for the first time in recorded history.
1610
Galileo Galilei discovers the moon’s terrain and Jupiter’s four largest moons. His view of the heavens as a place started a scientific revolution, and would forever change how we view the universe around us.
1819
Danish physicist Hans Christian Orsted discovers that a wire carrying an electric current creates a field that deflects a magnetic needle, a discovery that would eventually lead to the creation of the telegraph.
1837
William F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone install the first railway telegraph in England.
1844
May 24th
Samuel F.B. Morse demonstrated a magnetic telegraph using his Morse Code to send the message ‘What hath God wrought’ from Baltimore to Washington.
1858
August
The first transatlantic cable is installed between Ireland and Canada. Unfortunately the signal was so weak and indistinguishable from background noise that it took hours to send a few words. The owners tried to fix the situation by boosting the voltage from 600 to 2000 volts, melting the cable’s insulation and leaving it dead in the water. Later cables installed in 1866 were successful and remained in use for almost 100 years.
1860
April 3rd
The Pony Express opens for business, pledging to ‘deliver the goods in 10 days or less’. Its first route carries mail between St. Joseph, Missouri and San Francisco, California.
1861
October
The last Pony Express run is made as the telegraph takes over.
1863
Giovanni Caselli receives U.S. patent for a fax machine called the ‘pantelegraph’ based on Alexander Bain’s 1840 idea of synchronized pendulums. Service between Paris and Lyons France begins between 1865-1870, ending with the Franco-Prussian War.
1876
March 7th
Alexander Graham Bell receives a patent on a device which transmitted speech electronically. Three days later he spoke the famous words ‘Mr. Watson, come here, I want you’ to his assistant after spilling some acid in their workshop.
1877
The first commercial telephone is introduced and the first telephone line is installed between Charlie William’s electrical shop on Court Street, Boston and his home about three miles away.
1897
Joseph John Thomson discovers electrons.
1904
John Ambrose Fleming patents the first practical electron tube known as the ‘Fleming Valve’, based on Thomas Edison’s patented ‘Edison Effect’. In 1906 Lee DeForest creates the more advanced three-element AUDION (what we now called a TRIODE.)
1915
January 25th
Researchers complete the first transcontinental call from New York to San Francisco as Alexander Graham Bell, in New York, speaks to Tom Watson in San Francisco, repeating the first complete sentence transmitted by telephone… ‘Mr. Watson – come here – I want you’.
1920
Karel Capek coins the term ‘robot’.
1924
May 19th
Bell System engineers demonstrate the first transmission of pictures over telephone wires.
1927
AT&T establishes commercial transatlantic telephone service to London using two-way radio. Calls cost $75 for five minutes.
1934
July 1st
The Communications Act of 1934 becomes law, it is the first effort to regulate the telephone industry by the Federal Communications Commission instead of the Interstate Commerce Commission.
1937
• John Vincent Atanasoff and Clifford Berry begin work on the first electronic digital computer at Iowa State University. The 700-pound desk-size system was finished in 1942.
• Hewlett-Packard is founded by Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard, they decide the company’s name with a coin toss.
1945
July
Vannevar Bush publishes As We May Think in The Atlantic Monthly. In it he proposes memex, a machine that could store vast amounts of information. Users would have the ability to create information trails which could be stored and used for future reference.
1947
John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain invent the transistor while at Bell Labs. They received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 for their work.
1951
February
The first commercially available computer (The Ferranti Mark 1), is delivered to Thomas Kilburn and Frederic Williams at Manchester University in England. Nine more are sold between 1951 and 1957.
1956
October 16th
The first high-level computer language (FORTRAN) is released by an IBM team lead by John W. Backus.
October 29th
The first hard disk drive is created at IBM by a team lead by Reynold B. Johnson. The ‘305 RAMAC’ (Random Access Method of Accounting and Control) held 5MB of data on fifty 24 inch disks at a cost of about $10,000 per MB.
1957
October 4th
USSR launches Sputnik, first artificial earth satellite.
1958
January
Bell System announces it’s Data-Phone service which permits transmission of data over regular telephone circuits.
February 7th
In response to the launch of Sputnik the US Department of Defense issues directive 5105.15 establishing the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA). The directive tasks the agency with ‘direction or performance of such advanced projects in the field of research and development…’.
September 12th
Jack Kilby demonstrates the fist integrated circuit to fellow researchers and executives at Texas Instruments.
December 15th
Arthur L. Schawlow and Charles H. Townes publish Infrared and Optical Masers describing what would later be known as the laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) while at Bell Labs. Earlier in the year they also apply for a patent which is granted in 1960, the same year Theodore Maiman builds the first working model while at the Hughes Aircraft Company .
1960
• The first communication satellite, Echo, was launched.
March
Joseph Licklider publishes Man-Computer Symbiosis.
1961
May 31
While at MIT Leonard Kleinrock publishes the first paper on packet switching networks Information Flow in Large Communication Nets.
1962
• ATT begins selling the first commercial modem (the Bell 103). The modem provided full-duplex transmission, frequency-shift keying or FSK, and had a speed of 300 bits per second or 300 bauds.
February
Steve Russell finishes the first computer game Spacewar! while at MIT, inspired by E.E. Doc Smith’s Lensman novels. Later that year he and Alan Kotok would create the first joysticks. Other people involved were Peter Samson, Wayne Wiitanen, Dan Edwards, Martin Graetz, Steve Piner, and Robert A Saunders.
July 23
The first live trans-Atlantic television broadcast is hosted by Walter Cronkite and made via ATT’s Telstar 1 satellite, launched 13 days earlier on July 10.
Full audio from the first broadcast.
Audio story by Walter Cronkite (from NPR)
August
Joseph Licklider and Wesley Clark publish ‘On-Line Man-Computer Communication’ discussing their ‘Galactic Network’ concept that would allow people to access data from any site connected through a vast network.
October
Joseph Licklider becomes the first head of the computer research program at ARPA.
1963
Doug Engelbart invents the ‘X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System’, known today as the mouse.
1964
• Digital Equipment Corporation releases its PDP-8 computer, the first mass-produced minicomputer.
August
RAND’s Paul Baran publishes On Distributed Communications: Introduction to Distributed Communications Network which outlines packet-switching networks. This paper did discuss nuclear war, and is probably the source of the false rumor that the Internet was built with the goal of withstanding a nuclear attack.
1965
• Ted Nelson coins the word ‘hypertext’.
• Tom Van Vleck and Noel Morris create a Mail command for the Compatible Time-Sharing System at MIT.
April 19
Gordon Moore declares that computing power will double every 18 months, a prophecy that holds true today and is known as Moore’s Law. Moore and Robert Noyce would later leave Fairchild semiconductor to start Intel in the summer of 1968.
October
Thomas Marill and Lawrence Roberts set up the first WAN (Wide Area Network) between MIT’s Lincoln Lab TX-2 and System Development Corporation’s Q-32 in California. Later they would write Toward a Cooperative Network of Time-Shared Computers describing it.
1966
• Scientists used fiber optics to carry telephone signals for the first time.
• Donald Davies coins the term ‘packets’ and ‘packet switching’.
• ARPA’s Bob Taylor receives funding for a networking experiment that would tie together a number of Universities the agency was funding. With no formal requests and in under an hour Charles Herzfeld agrees to fund what three years later would become the ARPANET.
1967
• Wesley Clark comes up with the idea of using dedicated hardware to perform network functions while at a meeting of ARPA principal investigators. The devices would eventually be called Interface Message Processors (IMP’s), and today are generally referred to as routers.
• The final standard for ASCII is published. (An earlier version that included only upper-case letters was proposed by Bob Bemer in May 1961.)
June
Lawrence Roberts publishes the first design paper on ARPANET entitled Multiple Computer Networks and Intercomputer Communication at ACM’s Gatlinburg conference.
1968
• The first WAN to use packet switching is tested at the National Research Laboratory (NRL) in Great Britain.
April
Joseph Licklider and Robert Taylor publish The Computer as a Communications Device.
August
Larry Roberts of ARPA releases a Request for Quotation (RFQ) looking for bids to constructing a network of 4 IMPs, with possible growth to 19. Many large companies like ATT and IBM do not submit bits, saying that such a network was not possible.
December
A small consulting company called Bolt Beranek and Newman (BBN) located in Cambridge wins the ARPA IMP contract. The group, headed by Frank Heart, would have $1 million and less than a year to turn theory into a working system.
1969
‘Sometime in March’
Honeywell delivers the first IMP prototype (IMP 0) to BBN. The unit was a modified version of Honeywell’s rugged 516 computer. Unfortunately it didn’t work correctly, Ben Barker would spend several weeks rewiring it by hand into the correct configuration.
April 7th
Steve Crocker creates the first Request for Comment (RFC) document titled ‘Host Software’ (RFC1). It outlined the interface between hosts and BNN’s IMP devices, each site would be responsible for creating the host software that connected their computers to the ARPANET’s IMPs. The name RFC was chosen to avoid sounding too self-righteous, Crocker hoped to create an environment in which everyone felt comfortable participating – a spirit which would help the network to thrive in the coming decades.
July 20th
Apollo 11 lands on the Moon. Neil Armstrong becomes the first man on the Moon. Buzz Aldrin becomes the second man. They spend 21.5 hours on the lunar surface, including 2.5 hours outside their lunar excursion module while millions watch from the earth.
September 2nd
‘The IMP Guys’ from BNN finish installing the first ARPANET IMP node (IMP1) at UCLA, it is attached to the school’s SDS Sigma-7 without a hitch.
October 1st
The ARPANET’s second node is set up at the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), connecting to their SDS 940.
October 29th
After a bit of tweaking the first connection is made from UCLA to the SRI machine over the 50Kbps connecton. After typing “l” and “o” of the login command the SRI system crashed. The two computers were finally successfully linked up on November 21st.
November 1st
IMP number three is installed at the University of California at Santa Barbara.
December
The fourth node is installed at the University of Utah.
1970
• Norman Abrahamson of the University of Hawaii develops ALOHAnet with funding from ARPA. It carried data at a lowly 4.8Kbps, but would lay the groundwork for Ethernet several years later.
March
The fifth ARPANET node is installed at BBN’s headquarters.
December
ARPANET hosts start using Network Control Protocol (NCP) created by the Network Working Group (NWG) headed by Steve Crocker.
1971
• The ARPANET now has 15 sites (23 total hosts): UCLA, SRI, UCSB, U of Utah, BBN, MIT, RAND, SDC, Harvard, Lincoln Lab, Stanford, UIU(C), CWRU, CMU, NASA/Ames and averages about 700,000 packets per day.
• Project Gutenberg is started by Michael Hart. Its first text is the US Declaration of Independence.
• In a Honeywell Computer Journal editorial titled ‘What’s the Date?’ Bob Bemer publishes the first warning about the Y2K bug.
June 23rd
RFC 172 is released establishing the File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
September
The first Terminal Interface Processor (TIP) is deployed on the ARPANET, which enabled computer terminals to connect directly into the ARPANET for the first time.
1972
March
BBN’s Ray Tomlinson creates the first software (SNGMSG and READMAIL) that allows email to be sent between computers, email quickly becomes the network’s most popular application.
March 23nd
ARPA’s name is changed to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), and is established as a separate defense agency under the Office of the Secretary of Defense.
April 3rd
Jon Postel creates the 1st Telnet specification (RFC 318) entitled: ‘Ad hoc Telnet Protocol’.
October
• Bob Kahn organizes a demonstration of ARPANET between 40 machines at the International Conference on Computer Communications.
• The Inter-Networking Group (INWG) is created to develop standards for the ARPANET. Vinton Cerf is named the chairman.
1973
• First international connections to the ARPANET: University College of London in England and the Royal Radar Establishment in Norway.
• ARPANET traffic grows to more than 3 million packets per day.
March
Vinton Cerf sketches his gateway architecture on back of envelope while sitting in a hotel lobby, building on Bob Kahn’s ideas for an improved version of NCP.
May 22nd
Robert Metcalfe writes a 13 page description of what will become Ethernet as part of his Harvard PhD thesis. He and David Boggs would later create the first ethernet network (running at 2.944 Mbps) between computers named Michelson and Morley, scientists who proved ether didn’t exist in the 19th century. Metcalfe would later start 3Com Corporation in June 1979.
October 15th-17th
Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie presented their first paper on UNIX at the Symposium on Operating Systems Principles at Purdue University.
1974
May
Vint Cerf and Bob Kahn publish ‘A Protocol for Packet Network Internetworking’, which established the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). This is also the first time the term Internet was used.
June
The ARPANET has 62 computers attached to it.
1975
• Raphael Finkel first releases the Jargon File while at Stanford.
July
The ARPANET was transferred by DARPA to the Defense Communications Agency (now the Defense Information Systems Agency) as an operational network.
November
In RFC 706 – On the Junk Mail Problem Jon Postel notes that the design of most mail systems made it difficult to block junk mail, forsight the would prove correct when spam begans to fill user’s mail boxes twenty years later.
1976
• UUCP (Unix-to-Unix CoPy) developed at AT&T Bell Labs. It is distributed with UNIX one year later.
• Leonard Kleinrock publishes the first book about ARPANET technologies: ‘Queueing Systems Volume II – Computer Applications’ which helped packet switching gain wide-spread acceptance.
• The CCITT (now the ITU) defines the X.25 protocol for public packet switched networks.
• Jimmy Carter and Walter Mondale use e-mail every day during their campaign to coordinate intineraries. A Single message costs $4.
February
Queen Elizabeth II of England becomes the first head of state to send an e-mail message.
1977
January 3rd
Apple Computer was incorporated in the state of California by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak.
March
• The ARPANET has 111 computers attached to it.
• The first Cray-1 computer is shipped to Los Alamos National Laboratory. The computer was designed by Seymour Cray and had 8 megabytes of memory, a peak speed of 160 megaflops, and a price tag of $8.8 million.
April
Dennis C. Hayes sells his first modem products to computer hobbyists. He goes on to create the Hayes Standard AT command set in June 1981, which becomes the de facto standard for modem interfaces.
July
Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn and others demonstrate the first gateway system connecting packet radio and the ARPANET.
1978
• The Aspen Movie Map is shown at MIT, it is the first hypermedia videodisc.
• Vint Cerf, Steve Crocker, and Danny Cohen create a plan to separate TCP’s routing functions into a separate protocol called the Internet Protocol (IP), error handling and datagram functions would remain a part of TCP.
• The University of California at Berkeley releases Berkeley Software Distribution (BSD) UNIX based on version 7 of ATT’s UNIX.
May 3rd
The first unsolicited email message is sent to 400 people across the ARPAnet by Gary Thuerk inviting west coast users to a demonstration of Digital Equipment Corporation’s new Decsystem-20 computer.
1979
• DARPA establishes the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB) to help the process of creating the gateways between hosts and the network.
• The first MUD is created by Richard Bartle and Roy Trubshaw at the University of Essex.
• USENET is created by Tom Truscott, Steve Bellovin, and Jim Ellis using UUCP between Duke and UNC.
• While at UC Berkeley Eric Allman writes Delivermail, which will evolve into Sendmail during the early 1980s.
April 12th
Kevin MacKenzie sends the first ever emoticon in a message to the MsgGroup. The first is -) meaning tongue-in-cheek.
1980
October 27th
The ARPAnet stops functioning for several hours when the routing processes in all of the IMPs crash after one of them corrupts the network’s routing tables.
1981
• Ted Nelson conceptualizes ‘Xanadu’, a central, pay-per-document hypertext database encompassing all written information.
• BITNET is created by Ira Fuchs and Greydon Freeman. The “Because It’s Time NETwork” Started as a cooperative network at the City University of New York, with the first outside connection being to Yale.
August 12th
IBM releases its IBM Personal Computer. It retailed for between $1500 and $4500 and sold more than 65,000 in the first 4 months.
September 1st
RFC 791 which defines Internetwork Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is released.
1982
• The number of hosts breaks 200.
• The Defense Data Network is created (soon to become the Milnet).
March
A military directive is issued by Richard DeLauer, the United State Under Secretary of Defense. It establishes the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and Internet Protocol (IP), as the protocol suite for ARPANET (and all military networks). The cutover date is set for January 1st 1983.
June
The first PC LAN is demonstrated at the National Computer Conference by Drew Major, Kyle Powell, and Dale Neibaur. Their software would eventually become Novell’s Netware.
October
Eric Rosen finishes the External Gateway Protocol (RFC 827) specification.
September 19th
Scott E Fahlman proposes the ubiquitous Smiley
1983
• The number of hosts breaks 500.
• The Internet becomes reality when the ARPANET is split into Military and Civilian sections.
• UC Berkeley releases BSD Unix version 4.2c, which included TCP/IP.
• Internet Activities Board (IAB) established, replacing the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB). Dave Clark continues to act as the chairman and a number of task forces were created to handle specific technological issues including the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF).
January 1st
The entire ARPANET switches from NCP to IP. The transition is said to have went smoothly, although buttons were distributed saying ‘I survived the TCP/IP transition.’ Jon Postel documented the plan in RFC801, Dan Lynch of USC ISI handled much of the logistics (and went on to start Interop in 1988), and UCLA student David Smallberg documented the transition in 15 RFCs in the range of RFC 842 – RFC 876.
June 23rd
Jon Postel and Paul Mockapetris of the University of Southern California run the first successful test of their automated domain name system, which allowed users to use human-readable names for machines instead of needing to use the machine’s physical address.
November
Paul Mockapetris publishes RFCs 882 and 883 which outline the Domain Name Service. Paul’s first implementation of a DNS server was called JEEVES. Kevin Dunlap and later Paul Vixie would soon write BIND, which is by far the most common implementation today.
December
Mike Muuss writes Ping while at the US Army Ballistics Research Laboratory.
1984
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 1000.
• William Gibson coins the term ‘cyberspace’ in the novel ‘Neuromancer’.
• The Modified Final Judgement provides consumers with more choices for long distance services by ‘breaking up’ ATT.
• JANET is created to serve higher-education in Britian.
‘Spring’
FidoNet is developed by Tom Jennings, with the node 2 belonging to John Madill.
January 5th
Richard Stallman starts the GNU Project, and would later start the Free Software Foundation.
1985
April 1st
Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link(WELL) is started by Larry Brilliant of Networking Technologies International and Stewart Brand of the Point Foundation, with Matthew McClure as director. Customers are charged $8 per month plus $2 per hour.
May
Quantum Computer Services is founded, in November its first online service Q-Link, launches on Commodore Business Machines. The company would become American Online in October 1991.
1986
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 5000.
• BSD Unix 4.3 is released.
• The Cleveland Freenet comes on-line.
January
Mail Exchanger (MX) records are described by Craig Partridge in RFC974 joining mail records and DNS.
February
RFC 977 is released by Brian Kantor and Phil Lapsley. It describes Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP), which was created in an effort to make Usenet news faster and more efficient.
July
The National Science Foundation establishes 5 super-computing centers to provide high-computing power for all (JVNC at Princeton, PSC at Pittsburgh, SDSC at UCSD, NCSA at UIUC, Theory Center at Cornell). The NSFNET is created to connect the sites with a backbone speed of 56Kbps.
August
Dan Lynch organizes the first TCP/IP Implementor’s Workshop (which would become Interop in a few years), and holds it in Monterey.
1987
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 10,000.
• The NSF signs an agreement to manage the NSFNET backbone with Merit Network, Inc.
August
• Apple Computer introduces HyperCard, the first widely available personal hypermedia authoring system.
• Jeff Case, Mark Fedor, Martin Schoffstall, and James Davin show off their Simple Gateway Monitoring Protocol (SGMP). Amazingly a major Internet outage occurred during the presentation, showing just how badly the system was needed. Their protocol would later evolve into SNMP.
August 1st
The 1000th RFC ‘Request for Comments Reference Guide’ is published.
December 9th
The Christmas Virus finds its way onto BITNET, causing many mail servers to crash because of the overload. Eventually much of the network is shutdown for a time to stop its spread.
December 18th
Larry Wall releases the first version of his Practical Extraction And Reporting Language, Pearl. (it’s name would soon be shortened to simply Perl)
1988
• The first transatlantic fiber-optic cable linking North America and Europe is completed, it can handle 40,000 telephone calls simultaneously.
• Van Jacobson writes traceroute while at Lawrence Berkeley National Labs after a conversation with Steve Deering of Stanford University.
• Bernard Daines creates the first Ethernet switch to add Ethernet support to Northern Telecom carrier-class telephone switches.
July
The NSFNET backbone is upgraded to DS-1 (1.544Mbps) links, it handles more than75 million packets a day.
August
Internet Relay Chat (IRC)is written by Jarkko Oikarinen at the University of Oulu, Finland.
November 2nd
The Internet Worm is released by Robert Morris Jr., affecting about 6,000 of the 60,000 hosts on the Internet. CERT(Computer Emergency Response Team) is later formed by DARPA in response to concerns raised by the Worm.
1989
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 100,000.
• The IAB consolidates its growing list of task forces into two groups, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Research Task Force (IRTF). The IETF (one of the original 10 Task Forces) was given near-term responsibility for developments and standards while the smaller IRTF focused on longer-range research. Steering, Working, and Research groups are all formed under the IETF and IRTF.
• The first gateways between private electronic mail carriers and the Internet are established. Compuserve is connected through Ohio State University and MCI is connected through the Corporation for National Research Initiative.
• The Cuckoo’s Egg is written by Clifford Stoll. The book tells the real-life tale of a German cracker group who infiltrated numerous US facilities, and how Cliff traced and caught him after finding a 75 cent accounting error.
March
First Web Project proposal is distributed by CERN’s Tim Berners-Lee. His proposal was for a ‘hypertext system’ to aid the sharing of information between teams of researchers in the High Energy Physics community.
November
The first specification for Point to Point Protocol (PPP) is released in RFC 1134. Today almost all dial-up Internet users use PPP to connect.
November 13th
The ‘Make Money Fast’ pyramid scheme is posted to UseNet for the first time, making Dave Rhodes infamous.
1990
• Archie is released by Peter Deutsch, Alan Emtage, and Bill Heelan at McGill.
• The Internet Toaster is created by Simon Hackett and John Romkey makes appearances at Interop.
• Patrick Naughton sends an angry resignation letter to the CEO of Sun Microsystems detailing the woeful state of the company’s operating systems. The company commissions Naughton, Bill Joy, James Gosling, and three others to create a solution to the problem. They would create a simple object-oriented programming language named Oak, which would evolve into Java a few years later.
March
The ARPANET ceases to exist.
July 10th
The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is announced by Mitchell Kapor and John Perry Barlow.
November
The first World-Wide Web software is created by Tim Berners-Lee.
December
Peter Scott introduces hytelnet.
1991
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 600,000.
• The NSFNET backbone is upgraded to DS-3 (44.736Mbps) as traffic passes 1 trillion bytes and 10 billion packets per month.
• Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS)is invented by Brewster Kahle.
• Pretty Good Privacy (PGP) is released by Philip Zimmerman.
• The Trojan Room Coffee Machine makes its debut, several years later it will become one of the first webcams.
March
• Line mode browser (www) released to limited audience on priam vax,rs6000, and sun v4.
• The National Science Foundation changes the acceptable use policy for the NSFNET backbone to allow commercial traffic.
June 12th
CERN has a computer seminar on WWW.
August 6th
Line mode browser (www) is announced on alt.hypertext. Later that month it is released on comp.sys.next, comp.text.sgml, and comp.mail.multi-media.
September 10th
• Gopher is announced by Paul Lindner, Farhad Anklesaria, and Mark McCahill from the University of Minnesota.
October
The mailing lists www-interest (now www-announce) andwww-talk@info.cern.ch are started.
October 5th
Linus Torvalds announces Linux version 0.02.
December 2nd
Apple Computer releases QuickTime version 1.0
1992
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 1 million, there are 50 web pages.
• The term Netizen is coined in an article by Michael Hauben entitled The Net and Netizens: The Impact the Net Has on People’s Lives.
January
• The Internet Society (ISOC) is chartered.
• The Internet Activities Board name is changed to the Internet Architecture Board as it starts operating as a part of the Internet Society.
January 12th
The Line Mode Browser v1.1 (www) is made available by anonymous FTP.
February 12th
Line mode v 1.2 announced on alt.hypertext, comp.infosystems,comp.mail.multi-media, cern.sting, comp.archives.admin, and several mailing lists.
June
• While writing a paper on Internet use Jean Armour Polly coins the term ‘Surfing the Net’ after looking at a surfer on her mouse pad.
• The Internet Activities Board (IAB) meets and decides to build a new version of IP out of CLNP.
July
The first IAB IPv6 draft is withdrawn during an IETF meeting.
September
The Internet Hunt contest is started by Rick Gates.
November 17th
Veronica, a gopherspace search tool, is released by the University of Nevada.
1993
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 2 million.
• ISO 10646 – Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set is released.
• The White House and United Nations come on-line.
• Robert Hayden creates the first version of The Geek Code.
January
• WinSock 1.1 is released. WinSock standardized APIs used to create Windows-based TCPIP applications. It was started by Geoff Arnold and Martin Hall during Interop in 1991.
• NCSA releases the first version of Marc Andreessen’s ‘Mosaic for X’.
• There are about 50 HTTP servers.
February 22nd
DARPA is redesignated as the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) in President Clinton’s strategy paper, ‘Technology for America’s Economic Growth, A New Direction to Build Economic Strength’.
March
• WWW (Port 80 HTTP) traffic measures 0.1% of NSF backbone traffic.
• WWW presented at Online Publishing 93 in Pittsburgh.
April
International Workshop on Hypermedia and Hypertext Standards is held in Amsterdam.
May
• The NSF awards Network Solutions the InterNIC contract worth $5.9 million a year until March 31, 1998 when the contract expires. They begin registering domains at the rate of almost 400 per month.
May 14th
Gleason Sackmann begins using the Net-happenings listserv to distribute announcements about the latest Internet resources.
July 5th
Peter Steiner’s famous ‘On the Internet, nobody knows you’re a dog.’ cartoon appears on page 61 of The New Yorker (Vol.69 (LXIX) no. 20)
August
The first World-Wide Web developers’ conference is held in Cambridge, Massachusetts.
September
• NCSA Mosaic is released for Macintosh and Windows.
• Web (http – tcp port 80) traffic takes 1% of NSF backbone bandwidth.
October
There are over 500 known HTTP servers.
December
• Marc Andressen leaves the NCSA to work for a small software company. He soon forms a partnership with SGI founder Jim Clark that will become Netscape Communications Corp.
• FreeBSD 1.0 is released.
1994
• The web grows at a 341,634% annual growth, Gopher grows at 997%.
• The NSFNET backbone is upgraded to OC-3 (155mbps) links as traffic passes 10 trillion bytes per month.
• The first cyberbank, ‘First Virtual’, opens.
March
Marc Andressen and Jim Clark form Mosaic Communications Corp. (now Netscape Communications).
March 5th
Arizona lawyers Laurence Canter and Martha Siegel ’spam’ 6000 usenet groups with postings advertising green card lottery services, many Internet users fight back.
May 25th
The first international WWW conference is held at CERN in Geneva. It is heavily oversubscribed and known as the ‘Woodstock of the Web’.
July
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 3 million.
• The final specifications for IPv6 are released by IAB, they recommend 128 bit addresses, enough to number 1 quadrillion computers connected through 1 trillion networks.
August
The International WWW Conference Committee (IW3C2)is created by CERN and the NCSA.
September 1st
The Internet/ARPANET celebrates its 25th anniversary.
October
• Network Solutions Inc. reports that it is registering domain names at the rate of 2,000 per month.
• The second international WWW Conference is held in Chicago and is called ‘Mosaic and the Web’.
October 10th
Mosaic Communications Corporation (now called Netscape Communications) announces the first version of it’s Netscape web browser (version 0.9 Beta).
November
VRML 1.0 Draft is released by Gavin Bell, Tony Parisi, and Mark Pesce.
December
• National Science Foundation advisory committee recommends moving to a user-fee system for registering domain names as soon as possible.
December 14th
The first meeting of the World-Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is held in Cambridge. W3C had been created by Tim Berners-Lee and Al Vezza.
December 16th
CERN gets funding for the Large Hadron Collider and decides to discontinue WWW development enorder to refocus on particle physics. CERN hands projects over to INRIA.
1995
• The first macro virus is found in a Microsoft Word Document.
January
The number of Internet hosts breaks 4 million.
March
• HTTP (web) packets pass FTP traffic to be largest volume Internet protocol.
• The Apache web server project is started.
April 30th
The National Science Foundation stops funding the NSFNET backbone and establishes the very high speed Backbone Network Service(vBNS) to serve the research community.
May
• Sun Microsystems introduces its HotJava Web browser and the Java programming language, created five years earlier by Jim Gosling.
• Scientific Applications International Corp. (SAIC) of San Diego acquires Network Solutions Inc. as a wholly owned subsidiary.
September 14th
The NSF and NSI announce that domain registration will no longer be free of charge effective immediately. According to the plan new registrants will pay a $100 fee for a two-year registration; and thereafter will pay $50 per year. Organizations registered prior to September 14, 1995 will be charged the $50 annual fee on the anniversary of their initial registration. EDU domains are still paid for by the NSF.
December
RFC 1883 – ‘Internet Protocol, Version 6 (IPv6) Specification is released, detailing how IPv6 should work.
1996
• The Telecommunications Reform Act is passed, opening local and long distance markets to full competition. The act also included a provision called the Communications Decency Act (CDA), which would be declared unconstitutional because of its vague wording in 1997.
• In response to the CDA the EFF launches its famous Blue Ribbon Campaign.
January
• The number of Internet hosts breaks 9 million.
• Larry Page and Sergey Brin begin work on a search engine called BackRub, named for its unique ability to analyze the ‘back links’ pointing to a given website. The search engine was soon renamed ‘Google’, and Google Inc. opened its doors on September 7, 1998.
February 10th
United Stated Public Law 104-106 directs ARPA to change its name to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA).
April
MCI upgrades its Internet backbone to 622Mbps.
June 12th
The Communications Decency Act (part of the 1996 Telecommunications Reform Act) is declared unconstitutional .
June 24th
After repeated threats via email and snail mail Network Solutions drops 9272 domain names from its DNS tables for failure to pay their domain name fees.
1997
January
The number of Internet hosts breaks 16 million.
February
The 2000th RFC titled ‘Internet Official Protocol Standards’ is released.
March 6th
The Bonny View Cottage Furniture company registers the one millionth Internet domain name (bonnyview.com) at 12:07:51 pm.
July 17th
Human error at Network Solutions causes DNS tables for .net and .com to become corrupted leaving most domain names unreachable while clean databases are distributed.
December 22nd
The American Registry for Internet Numbers (ARIN) begins operation.
1998
January 30th
The US Commerce Department releases its Green Paper proposal, intended to clarify how the domain name registration system should be handled.
January 22nd
Netscape Communications Corporation announces plans to make the source code for Netscape Communicator client software available for free licensing on the Internet.
February 6th
The International Telecommunication Union announces that technical standards have been agreed upon for the V.90 protocol used in 56K modems.
May 4th
The two millionth domain name (voyagerstravel.com) is registered.
June 29th
The Gigabit Ethernet Alliance announces that the IEEE has ratified 802.3z as the Gigabit Ethernet standard.
October 26th
The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) if formed and establishes it’s initial board of directors.
November 6th
The three millionth domain name (lizzybee.com) is registered.
November 24th
America Online, Inc. announces that it would acquire Netscape Communications Corporation in a stock transaction valued at $4.2 billion.
1999
o Online retailers rack up 5.3 billion in sales.
March 9th
The four millionth domain name (riedelglass.com) is registered.
March 26th
The Melissa macro virus quickly spreads across the network by infecting Microsoft Word documents.
May 29th
The five millionth domain name (believeinkids.com) is registered.
June
ISOC approves the formation of the Internet Societal Task Force (ISTF), Vint Cerf serves as first chair. The organization was originally proposed by Sascha Ignjatovic to address societal issues and concerns relating to the Internet.
October 1st
The original Cleveland Freenet closes.
2000
o 304 million people have internet access.
April
The ten millionth domain name is registered.
November 16th
ICANN selects seven new top level domain names: .aero, .biz, .coop, .info, .museum, .name, .pro
131991
First connection takes place between Brazil, by Fapesp, and the Internet at 9600 baud.
Commercial Internet eXchange (CIX) Association, Inc. formed by General Atomics (CERFnet), Performance Systems International, Inc. (PSInet), and UUNET Technologies, Inc. (AlterNet), after NSF lifts restrictions on the commercial use of the Net (March) (:glg:)
Wide Area Information Servers (WAIS), invented by Brewster Kahle, released by Thinking Machines Corporation
Gopher released by Paul Lindner and Mark P. McCahill from the Univ of Minnesota
World-Wide Web (WWW) released by CERN; Tim Berners-Lee developer (:pb1:). First Web server is nxoc01.cern.ch, launched in Nov 1990 and later renamed info.cern.ch.
PGP (Pretty Good Privacy) released by Philip Zimmerman (:ad1:)
US High Performance Computing Act (Gore 1) establishes the National Research and Education Network (NREN)
NSFNET backbone upgraded to T3 (44.736Mbps)
NSFNET traffic passes 1 trillion bytes/month and 10 billion packets/month
Defense Data Network NIC contract awarded by DISA to Government Systems Inc. who takes over from SRI in May
Start of JANET IP Service (JIPS) which signaled the changeover from Coloured Book software to TCP/IP within the UK academic network. IP was initially ‘tunneled’ within X.25. (:gst:)
14The beginning
Project Gutenberg began in 1971 when Michael Hart was given an operator’s account with $100,000,000 of computer time in it by the operators of the Xerox Sigma V mainframe at the Materials Research Lab at the University of Illinois.
This was totally serendipitous, as it turned out that two of a four operator crew happened to be the best friend of Michael’s and the best friend of his brother. Michael just happened “to be at the right place at the right time” at the time there was more computer time than people knew what to do with, and those operators were encouraged to do whatever they wanted with that fortune in “spare time” in the hopes they would learn more for their job proficiency.
At any rate, Michael decided there was nothing he could do, in the way of “normal computing,” that would repay the huge value of the computer time he had been given. . .so he had to create $100,000,000 worth of value in some other manner. An hour and 47 minutes later, he announced that the greatest value created by computers would not be computing, but would be the storage, retrieval, and searching of what was stored in our libraries.
He then proceeded to type in the “Declaration of Independence” and tried to send it to everyone on the networks. . .which can only be described today as a not so narrow miss at creating an early version of what was later called the “Internet Virus.”
A friendly dissuasion from this yielded the first posting of a document in electronic text, and Project Gutenberg was born as Michael stated that he had “earned” the $100,000,000 because a copy of the Declaration of Independence would eventually be an electronic fixture in the computer libraries of 100,000,000 of the computer users of the future.
The Beginning of the Gutenberg Philosophy
The premise on which Michael Hart based Project Gutenberg was: anything that can be entered into a computer can be reproduced indefinitely. . .what Michael termed “Replicator Technology” The concept of Replicator Technology is simple; once a book or any other item (including pictures, sounds, and even 3-D items can be stored in a computer), then any number of copies can and will be available. Everyone in the world, or even not in this world (given satellite transmission) can have a copy of a book that has been entered into a computer.
This philosophical premise has created several offshoots: 1.Electronic Texts (Etexts) created by Project Gutenberg are to be made available in the simplest, easiest to use forms available.
2.Suggestions to make them less readily available are not to be treated lightly. Therefore, Project Gutenberg Etexts are made available in what has become known as “Plain Vanilla ASCII,” meaning the low set of the American Standard Code for Information Interchange: ie the same kind of character you read on a normal printed page– italics, underlines, and bolds have been capitalized.
The reason for this is that 99% of the hardware and software a person is likely to run into can read and search these files.
Any other system of etext storage is going to fall short of an audience of 99%.
This does not mean there are not other valid mean of doing the etext business. . .after all, over half the computers are DOS, so one could address a wide audience by just doing DOS. Plain Vanilla ASCII, however, addresses the audience with Apples and Ataris all the way to the old homebrew Z80 computers, while an audience of Mac, UNIX and mainframers is still included.
In this same vein, Project Gutenberg selects etexts targeted a bit on the “bang for the buck” philosophy. . .we choose etexts we hope extremely large portions of the audience will want and use frequently. We are constantly asked to prepare etext from out of print editions of esoteric materials, but this does not provide for usage by the audience we have targeted, 99% of the general public.
Also in the same vein, Project Gutenberg has avoided requests, demands, and pressures to create “authoritative editions.” We do not write for the reader who cares whether a certain phrase in Shakespeare has a “:” or a “;” between its clauses. We put our sights on a goal to release etexts that are 99.9% accurate in the eyes of the general reader. Given the preferences your proofreaders have, and the general lack of reading ability the public is currently reported to have, we probably exceed those requirements by a significant amount. However, for the person who wants an “authoritative edition” we will have to wait some time until this becomes more feasible. We do, however, intend to release many editions of Shakespeare and the other classics for the comparative study on a scholarly level, before the end of the year 2001, when we are scheduled to complete our 10,000 book Project Gutenberg Electronic Public Library.
Project Gutenberg has been a part of celebrations of the 100th Anniversary of Public Libraries, starting in 1995. Project Gutenberg hopes to found “The Public Domain Register,” after the 100th Anniversary of The U.S. Copyright Register in 1997.
We hope you will be part of it, too. You are all invited.
Footnote:
Our eventual goal is to provide Public Domain Etext editions a short time after they enter the Public Domain. Of course, the period before a copyrighted work entered the Public Domain was extended from 28 years (with a 28 year extension available) to 50 years more than the life of the author, so this put a kink, to put it mildly, into our plans. (The original copyright was for 14 years, in the U.S.) Thus, a person could originally do a reasonable prediction that anything under copyright would be in the Public Domain while it could be used, under the new law it is impossible to predict the length of a copyright, and the likelihood of a new book entering the Public Domain during the lifetime of the average reader is minimal. (Suppose you might be 25 when you read a new book and the author is 50: wait the average 25 years for the author to die (what a thought!*) Now you have to wait another 50 years to have access to that book; it doesn’t matter when it was written (unless it is an old one . . .before the period the law retroacted to). . .so you would have to wait (on the average) until you were 100 years old. A 25-year-old under the original law would only have to wait for 14 years. . .until the age of 39. Quite a difference; between the ages of 39 and 100. Not only that, but the copyright laws would have to stay the same for all that time. . .something in serious doubt, seeing how much they have changed in the recent century.
The Project Gutenberg Philosophy
The Project Gutenberg Philosophy is to make information, books and other materials available to the general public in forms a vast majority of the computers, programs and people can easily read, use, quote, and search.
This has several ramifications: 1. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should cost so little that no one will really care how much they cost. They should be a general size that fits on the standard media of the time …
2. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should so easily used that no one should ever have to care about how to use, read, quote and search them …
The Project Gutenberg Philosophy
(continued)
[...] This has several ramifications:
1. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should cost so little that no one will really care how much they cost. They should be a general size that fits on the standard media of the time.
i.e. when we started, the files had to be very small as a normal 300 page book took one meg of space which no one in 1971 could be expected to have (in general). So doing the U.S. Declaration of Independence (only 5K) seemed the best place to start. This was followed by the Bill of Rights– then the whole US Constitution, as space was getting large (at least by the standards of 1973). Then came the Bible, as individual books of the Bible were not that large, then Shakespeare (a play at a time), and then into general work in the areas of light and heavy literature and references.
By the time Project Gutenberg got famous, the standard was 360K disks, so we did books such as Alice in Wonderland or Peter Pan because they could fit on one disk. Now 1.44 is the standard disk and ZIP is the standard compression; the practical filesize is about three million characters, more than long enough for the average book.
However, pictures are still so bulky to store on disk that it will still be a while before we include even the lowres Tenniel illustrations in Alice and Looking-Glass. However we ARE very interested in doing them, and are only waiting for advances in technology to release a test edition. The market will have to establish SOME standards for graphics, however, before we can attempt to reach general audiences, at least on the graphics level.
To illustrate our faith in graphics, and in the future, we have gone one step further in our pursuit of what we named “Replicator Technology” TM a few years ago. We would like the end of this phase of Project Gutenberg (with a first 3D application of Replicator Technology), by doing CAT, MRI and XRAY Fluoroscopy scans of something, perhaps a painting, and printing 3D copies. If anyone can get us access to a hundred year old masterpiece. . . the average book.
The Project Gutenberg Philosophy
(continued)
[...] This has several ramifications:
2. The Project Gutenberg Etexts should so easily used that no one should ever have to care about how to use, read, quote and search them …
This has created a need to present these Project Gutenberg Etexts in “Plain Vanilla ASCII” as we have come to call it over the years.
The reason for this is simple. . .it is the only text mode that is easy on both the eyes and the computer.
However, this encourages others to improve our etexts in a variety of ways and to distribute them in a variety of the available media, as follows:
Once an etext is created in Plain Vanilla ASCII, it is the foundation for as many editions as anyone could hope to do in the future. Anyone desiring an etext edition matching, or not matching, a particular paper edition can readily do the changes they like without having to prepare that whole book again. They can use the Project Gutenberg Etext as a foundation, and then build in any direction they like.
Thus any complaints about how we do italics, bold, and the underscoring, or whether we should use this or that markup formula are sent back with encouragement to do it any ways any person wants it, and with the basic work already done, with our compliments.
The same goes for media. We have had a long-standing work ethic of providing our etexts in any medium people wanted: Amiga, Apple, Atari. . .to IBM, to Mac, to TRS-80. . .
However, now that our etexts are carried in so many BBS’s, networks and other locations, it is easier to download the file in a manner that puts them in your format than we can make and mail a disk, so we don’t really do that too much.
The major point of all this is that years from now Project Gutenberg Etexts are still going to be viable, but program after program, and operating system after operating system are going to go the way of the dinosaur, as will all those pieces of hardware running them. Of course, this is valid for all Plain Vanilla ASCII etexts. . .not just those your access has allowed you to get from Project Gutenberg. The point is that a decade from now we probably won’t have the same operating systems, or the same programs and therefore all the various kinds of etexts that are not Plain Vanilla ASCII will be obsolete. We need to have etexts in files a Plain Vanilla search/reader program can deal with; this is not to say there should never be any markup. . .just those forms of markup should be easily convertible into regular, Plain Vanilla ASCII files so their utility does not expire when programs to use them are no longer with is. Remember all the trouble with CONVERT programs to get files changed from old word processor programs into Plain Vanilla ASCII?
Do you want to go through all that again with every book a whole world ever puts into etext?
The value of Plain Vanilla ASCII is obvious. . .so is very much of the value of most of the various markup systems we have in the world. But until some real standards arrive– we would be limiting our options a great deal if we do not keep copies of all etexts in Plain Vanilla ASCII as well.
We don’t have anything against markup. Not vice versa.
Alice in Wonderland, the Bible, Shakespeare, the Koran and many others will be with us as long as civilization. . .an operating system, a program, a markup system. . .will not.
This includes the many requests we have for compression in partic
1.What does DVD stand for
DVD was originally defined as Digital Versatile Disc although it is now widely known as Digital Video Disc. A DVD disc looks and is sized the same as an audio CD but instead of just playing music it can deliver up to 133 minutes of video which can handle 94% of all movies. DVD can hold seven times the data of CD (4.7 gigabytes per side compared to 680 megabytes for DVD).
How many formats available
DVD-R for Authoring: a special-purpose DVD-R used to record DVD masters, which can then be duplicated to pressed DVDs by a duplication plant. They require a special DVD-R recorder, and are not often used nowadays since many duplicators can now accept ordinary DVD-R masters.
• DVD-R (strictly DVD-R for General): can record up to 4.7 GB in a similar fashion to a CD-R disc. Once recorded and finalized it can be played by most DVD-ROM players.
• DVD-RW: can record up to 4.7 GB in a similar fashion to a CD-RW disc.
• DVD-R DL: a derivative of DVD-R that uses double-layer recordable discs to store up to 8.5 GB of data.
• DVD-RAM (current specification is version 2.1): 2.6 GB, 4.7 GB or 9.4 GB (double-sided) discs compatible with only a small proportion of other-format DVD drives. DVD-RAM discs were originally typically housed in a cartridge, though these are now less commonly required. Discs can be removed from their caddy and used in compatible standard-tray drives. Rewritable many more times than other rewritable formats.
2. What is dingbat
A dingbat is used in computers to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the position designated for alphabetical or numerical characters.
3. What is handshake
A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands. Its origins are unclear, although Philip A. Busterson’s seminal 1978 work Social Rituals of the British traces its roots back to Sir Walter Raleigh, claiming he introduced the custom into the British C. What handles can you not hold in your hand?
4. What is home page
For a Web user, the home page is the first Web page that is displayed after starting a Web browser like Netscape’s Navigator or Microsoft’s Internet Explore The browser is usually preset so that the home page is the first page of the browser manufacturer. However, you can set it to open to any Web site
5. What handles can you can not hold in your hand
6. What was ENIAC
ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing
7.. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing
At the age of 17 Ada was introduced to Mary Somerville, a remarkable woman who translated LaPlace’s works into English, and whose texts were used at Cambridge. Though Mrs. Somerville encouraged Ada in her mathematical studies, she also attempted to put mathematics and technology into an appropriate human context. It was at a dinner party at Mrs. Somerville’s that Ada heard in November, 1834, Babbage’s ideas for a new calculating engine, the Analytical Engine. He conjectured: what if a calculating engine could not only foresee but could act on that foresight. Ada was touched by the “universality of his ideas”. Hardly anyone else was.
8. What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
9. What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
10. What does modem stand for anyway? (Search the site)
A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms.
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
What is a bit?
A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long, or in most cases, one modern PC byte. Binary digits are a basic unit of information storages and communication in digital computing and digital information theory. Information theory also often uses the natural digit, called either a nit or a net Quantum computing also uses qubits, a single piece of information with a probability of being true.
The bit is also a unit of measurement, the information capacity of one binary digit
12. The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
Answer : Enternet
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners- lee?
14 Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information.
What was the first document posted?
Abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to digitize, archive and distribute cultural works. Founded in 1971 by Michael S. Hart, it is the oldest digital library. Most of the items in its collection are the full texts of public domain book. The project tries to make these as free as possible, in long-lasting, open formats that can be used on almost any computer. As of October 2007, Project Gutenberg claimed over 22,000 items in its collection. Project Gutenberg is affiliated with many projects that are independent organizations which share the same ideals, and have been given permission to use the Project Gutenberg trademark
1,WHAT IS DVD STANDS FOR?
DVD is the new generation of optical disc storage technology. DVD is essentially a bigger, faster CD that can hold cinema-like video, better-than-CD audio, still photos, and computer data. DVD aims to encompass home entertainment, computers, and business information with a single digital format. It has replaced laserdisc, is well on the way to replacing videotape and video game cartridges, and could eventually replace audio CD and CD-ROM. DVD has widespread support from all major electronics companies, all major computer hardware companies, and all major movie and music studios. With this unprecedented support, DVD became the most successful consumer electronics product of all time in less than three years of its introduction. In 2003, six years after introduction, there were over 250 million DVD playback devices worldwide, counting DVD players, DVD PCs, and DVD game consoles. This was more than half the numbers of VCRs, setting DVD up to become the new standard for video publishing.
2,WHAT IS DINGBAT?
Special characters like stars, hands, arrows, and geometric shapes you can use to decorate a document. A collection of dingbats is found in a popular font called Wingdings.
3,What is Handshake?
Two modems perform a handshake each time they meet, just as two people shake hands to greet each other. If the modem speaker is on, you can actually hear the handshake — it’s that annoying series of squeals and signals. The handshake helps the modems determine how they will exchange information.
4,WHAT IS HOME PAGE?
An introductory screen on the World Wide Web, used to welcome visitors. A home page can include special underlined text or graphics you click on to jump to related information on other pages on the Web. Many individuals, businesses, and organizations now have home pages on the World Wide Web. See also WORLD WIDE WEB.
5, What handles can you not hold in your hand?
Little squares at the edges and corners of a selected graphic on your screen. You can move a handle with your mouse pointer to resize or reshape the graphic.
6, What was ENIAC?
ENIAC was a product of World War II. The military needed to develop firing tables for its artillery, so that gunners in the field could quickly look up which settings to use with a particular weapon on a particular target under particular conditions. The equations to determine these figures were so complex, they took days for a human to calculate; existing mechanical calculators could do slightly better. The Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL), responsible for providing these figures to soldiers in the field, was falling behind. But BRL heard about the work of John Mauchly at the Moore School. In 1942, he had suggested using vacuum tubes to speed computer calculations.
7, What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, was one of the most picturesque characters in computer history. August Ada Byron was born December 10, 1815 the daughter of the illustrious poet, Lord Byron. Five weeks after Ada was born Lady Byron asked for a separation from Lord Byron, and was awarded sole custody of Ada who she brought up to be a mathematician and scientist. Lady Byron was terrified that Ada might end up being a poet like her father. Despite Lady Byron’s programming Ada did not sublimate her poetical inclinations. She hoped to be “an analyst and a metaphysician”. In her 30’s she wrote her mother, if you can’t give me poetry, can’t you give me “poetical science?” Her understanding of mathematics was laced with imagination, and described in metaphors.
At the age of 17 Ada was introduced to Mary Somerville, a remarkable woman who translated LaPlace’s works into English, and whose texts were used at Cambridge. Though Mrs. Somerville encouraged Ada in her mathematical studies, she also attempted to put mathematics and technology into an appropriate human context. It was at a dinner party at Mrs. Somerville’s that Ada heard in November, 1834, Babbage’s ideas for a new calculating engine, the Analytical Engine. He conjectured: what if a calculating engine could not only foresee but could act on that foresight. Ada was touched by the “universality of his ideas”. Hardly anyone else was.
8, What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
Computer chip technology is in all sorts of everyday items, from space shuttles to coffee makers, traffic lights, and computers. A basic rule of thumb is, if a device uses electricity and you can “tell it what to do” by programming it or customizing it, there’s a chip inside.
Chips perform various tasks by design, meaning that some are more complex than others. The most sophisticated chip is a microprocessor, whose transistors can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
A microprocessor is the most complex manufactured product on earth. In fact, it takes hundreds of steps in the world’s cleanest environment to make microprocessors.
9, What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips ?
10, What does modem stand for anyway? (Search the site)
mō´dem) (n.) Short for modulator-demodulator. A modem is a device or program that enables a computer to transmit data over, for example, telephone or cable lines. Computer information is stored digitally, whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves. A modem converts between these two forms
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
What is a bit?
A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes. In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte. The value of a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a memory device.
Half a byte (four bits) is called a nibble. In some systems, the term octet is used for an eight-bit unit instead of byte. In many systems, four eight-bit bytes or octets form a 32-bit word. In such systems, instruction lengths are sometimes expressed as full-word (32 bits in length) or half-word (16 bits in length).
In telecommunication, the bit rate is the number of bits that are transmitted in a given time period, usually a se
Standard
bit b 0 or 1
byte B 8 bits
kilobit kb 1000 bits
Kilobyte (binary) KB 1024 bytes
Kilobyte (decimal) KB 1000 bytes
Megabit Mb 1000 kilobits
Megabyte (binary) MB 1024 Kilobytes
Megabyte (decimal) MB 1000 Kilobytes
Gigabit Gb 1000 Megabits
Gigabyte (binary) GB 1024 Megabytes
Gigabyte (decimal) GB 1000 Megabytes
Terabit Tb 1000 Gigabits
Terabyte (binary) TB 1024 Gigabytes
Terabyte (decimal) TB 1000 Gigabytes
Petabit Pb 1000 Terabits
Petabyte (binary) PB 1024 Terabytes
Petabyte (decimal) PB 1000 Terabytes
Exabit Eb 1000 Petabits
Exabyte (binary) EB 1024 Petabytes
Exabyte (decimal) EB 1000 Petabytes
bit::=binary digit. A unit of information introduced by Shannon in the 1940’s. A bit has one of two values traditionally named 0 and 1. Eight bits make a byte. and four bits a nibble.
So calculate it for yourself if you can manage the arithmetic IE (THAT MEANS) (that is!!) if you can add up without the use of a calculator!)
Novelyn Ania Avila
BSIT-1/BLK.B
1. DVD is the new generation of optical disc storage technology. DVD is essentially a bigger, faster CD that can hold cinema-like video, better-than-CD audio, still photos, and computer data. There are 5 DVD formats available.
2. A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”.
3. A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp each other’s right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief up and down movement of the grasped hands.
4. HomePage is a UK based Strategic Internet Services company, providing website design, database design, intranet design, graphic design and building web-based systems.
5. To kill others by putting myself in a good life just like the others do because it’s not easy to put in our hands the life of a sinner or even good people.
6 .ENIAC is short for European Nanoelectronics Initiative Advisory Counoil that was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems.
7.The contribution did Ada Byron make computing is by the numbers through mechanical computation based to Charles Babbage’s inventory.
8. The kind of wafer that used at intel to make computer chips is wafer electronics.
9. Computer Scavenger Hunt
10.Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data.
1. DVD (also known as “Digital Versatile Disc” or “Digital Video Disc” – see Etymology) is a popular optical disc storage media format. Its main uses are video and data storage. Most DVDs are of the same dimensions as compact discs (CDs) but store more than 6 times as much data.
Types of DVD:
• DVD-R
• DVD+R
• DVD RAM
• DVD+RW
• DVD-RW
• DVD-R (DUAL LAYER)
• DVD+R (DUAL LAYER)
• DVD VIDEO
• DVD AUDIO
2. A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking
The term continued to be used in the computer industry to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters.
3. handshaking is an automated process of negotiation that dynamically sets parameters of a communications channel established between two entities before normal communication over the channel begins. It follows the physical establishment of the channel and precedes normal information transfer.
4. The homepage (often written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed. The term is also used to refer to the front page, webserver directory index, or main web page of a website of a group, company, organization, or individual. In some countries, such as Germany, Japan, and Korea, the term “homepage” commonly refers to a complete website (of a company or other organization) rather than to a single web page.
5. Bucket handle. Because its in your knee!
6. ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems, although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.
7. Augusta Ada Byron, is mainly known for having written a description of Charles Babbage’s early mechanical general-purpose computer, the analytical engine.
8. Intel uses wafers of pure silicon cut from a silicon ingot to make microprocessors. Silicon, the primary ingredient of beach sand, is a semiconductor of electricity. Semiconductors are materials that can be altered to be either a conductor or an insulator.
9. Technicians wearing clean room suits inspect a semiconductor wafer
10. Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio.
11. A bit (short for binary digit) is the smallest unit of data in a computer. A bit has a single binary value, either 0 or 1. Although computers usually provide instructions that can test and manipulate bits, they generally are designed to store data and execute instructions in bit multiples called bytes. In most computer systems, there are eight bits in a byte. The value of a bit is usually stored as either above or below a designated level of electrical charge in a single capacitor within a memory device.
-There are eight bits in a byte.
-There are four bits in a nibble.
12. The Internet
13. The first web browser – or browser-editor rather – was called WorldWideWeb as, after all, when it was written in 1990 it was the only way to see the web. Much later it was renamed Nexus in order to save confusion between the program and the abstract information space (which is now spelled World Wide Web with spaces).
14. E-text
15. 1971
16. 682 MB
17. (computer mouse U.S. Patent 3,541,541
18. Compact Disc read-only memory
19. hardware, software, peopleware
20. Graphical User Interface
21. Although the Dvorak Simplified Keyboard (“DSK”) has so far failed to displace the QWERTY standard, it has seen an increase in popularity in recent years especially among computer programmers and others whose jobs require them to do extensive amounts of typing.[citation needed] It has become easier to access in the computer age, being included with all major operating systems (such as Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and BSD) in addition to the standard QWERTY layout. It is also supported at the hardware level by some high-end ergonomic keyboards.
22. A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
23. Dr. Marcian Edward “Ted” Hoff Jr. (born October 28, 1937 in Rochester, New York), is one of the inventors of the microprocessor. Hoff, an engineer, joined Intel in 1968 as employee number 12, and is credited with coming up with the idea of a universal processor instead of custom-designed circuits. His insight started the microprocessor revolution in the early 1970s. Commonly, he is credited with having invented the microprocessor in 1971. In 1980, he was named the first Intel Fellow, the highest technical position in the company. He stayed in that position until 1983.
24. gigaFLOPS (one billion or 1×109 FLOPS)
25. monkey
26. Blog site
27. ucu.edu.ph
1. Digital video disc
7 DVD format
2. Dingbat
- Printer’s symbol: a symbol or ornamental character used in a printed work, e.g. a star or pointing hand
3. Handshake
- In computer science, as in human relations, a signal acknowledging that communication or the transfer of information can take place….
4. Home page
-The homepage (often written as home page) or main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed. The term is also used to refer to the front page, web server directory index, or main web page of a website of a group, company, organization, or individual.
5. Handles
-touch something: to touch, pick up, or move something with the hands
6. ENIAC
-short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems
7. Contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
-Contributed by Dr. Betty Toole. Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, was one of the most picturesque characters in computer history.
8. Wafers used into computer chip
- Silicon chip
9. Suit
-Set of clothes made from the same material, consisting of a jacket and trousers or a skirt, sometimes together with a waistcoat.
10. Modem
-Modulator-demodulator
11. Bit
- Short for binary digits
8 bit is 1 byte
2,097,152 nibbles
12. ARPANET
- Now could INTERNET
13. qwertyuiop
14. LAetter
15. 1562
16. 800mb
17.Compact Disk
18.Combo Drive Room
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26. URL PAGE
27. http://WWW.UCU.EDU
1.DVD – Digital Versatile/Video Disc, DVD formats –
DVDR stands for DVD Recordable and DVDRW for DVD ReWriteable.
2.Dingbat – A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”.
3.Handshake Software products speed the dynamic integration and delivery of line-of-business information for Microsoft® SharePoint® and Office® 2007.
“The information the client-centric dashboard gathers would have required an experienced user to produce five separate reports and perform 15 separate searches across six line of business applications in the past”.
4.the home page serves as an index or table of contents stored at the site.
5.
6.It begins in 1938, the outbreak of World War II, and a large problem faced by the United States Army that was in dire need of a fast solution.
7.mathematics
8.jordan wafers
9.A clean room suit , cleanroom suit , or bunny suit , is an overall garment worn in a clean room … worn by semiconductor and nanotechnology line production workers and technicians.
10. Modulator and Demodulator
11.bit – (BInary digiT) The smallest element of computer storage.
8 bits in a byte.
A nibble (or less commonly, nybble) is the computing term for a four-bit aggregation [1], or half an octet (an octet being an 8-bit byte).
12.As ARPANET aged, it grew at a steady pace, constantly connecting more computers and institutions, and adding new technologies along the way. In 1983, ARPANET converted its old NCP to the newer and more universal TCP/IP. This created what is known today as the Internet, since it allowed different networks (ARPANET, NSFNET, CSNET, BITNET) to be interconnected. The TCP/IP protocol is still used today.
13.
14.From Project Gutenberg, the first producer of free electronic books (ebooks) … This document presents Project Gutenberg’s rules for confirming the public domain status of eBooks.
15.In 1971, IBM introduced the first “memory disk”, as it was called then, or the “floppy disk” as it is known today. The first floppy was an 8″ plastic disk.
16.A factory made CD can hold 800 MBs or more. CD Recordable FAQ 3-8.
17.Douglas Engelbart invented point and click computing with the computer mouse windows.
18.CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact Disc read-only memory”) is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer.
19.keyboard,mouse,computer speaker.
20.A GUI (usually pronounced GOO-ee) is a graphical (rather than purely textual) user interface to a computer.
21.The Dvorak keyboard layout is a control panel option on almost every current computer.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.home page
27.
What is ARPANET called today?
Answer
wide area computer network established in 1968 that primarily connected universities and research centers
Forerunner of the Internet created by the United States military during the cold war. ARPANET was designed by its founders to be a military command and control center that could withstand nuclear attack. ARPANET’s founders designed it so that authority was distributed over a large number of geographically dispersed computers. This concept of a computer network with distributed authority is the basis of the Internet. Theoretically, if 90% of the Internet were destroyed by nuclear attack, the remaining servers would be able to continue on–assuming that all life on Earth were not obliterated. Over time the defense-oriented purpose of the Internet was broadened to include research and development, universities and education, and recently, commerce.
What DVD stands for?
DVD stands for Digital Versatile/Video Disc, DVDR stands for DVD Recordable and DVDRW for DVD ReWriteable. If you’re familiar with regular audio/music CDs or regular DVD-Video discs, then you will know what a recordable DVD looks like. A recordable DVD stores up to 2 hours of very good quality DVD-Video, including several audio tracks in formats like stereo, Dolby Digital or DTS and also advanced menu systems, subtitles and still pictures that can be played by many standalone DVD Players and most computer DVD-ROMs. If you choose to lower the video quality it is possible to store several hours video on a recordable DVD using low bitrates and low resolution with video quality more like VHS, SVHS, SVCD, CVD or VCD. It is also possible to have up to 4.37* GB ordinary data or mix DVD-Video and data on a recordable DVD that can be played by most computer DVD-ROMs.
There are three competing DVD Recording standards, DVD-R/DVD-RW and DVD+R/DVD+RW have pretty similiar features and are compatible with many standalone DVD Players and most DVD-ROMs while DVD-RAM has less DVD Player and DVD-ROM compatibility but better recording features.
DVD-R and DVD-RW
DVD-R was the first DVD recording format released that was compatible with standalone DVD Players.
DVD-R is a non-rewriteable format and it is compatible with about 93% of all DVD Players and most DVD-ROMs.
DVD-RW is a rewriteable format and it is compatible with about 80% of all DVD Players and most DVD-ROMs.
DVD-R and DVD-RW supports single side 4.37 computer GB* DVDs(called DVD-5) and double sided 8.75 computer GB* DVDs(called DVD-10).
These formats are supported by DVDForum.
DVD+R and DVD+RW
DVD+R is a non-rewritable format and it is compatible with about 89% of all DVD Players and most DVD-ROMs.
DVD+RW is a rewritable format and is compatible with about 79% of all DVD Players and most DVD-ROMs.
DVD+R and DVD+RW supports single side 4.37 computer GB* DVDs(called DVD-5) and double side 8.75 computer GB* DVDs(called DVD-10).
These formats are supported by the DVD+RW Alliance.
DVD+R DL
DVD+R DL or called DVD+R9 is a Dual Layer writeable DVD+R. The dual layered discs can hold 7.95 computer GB* (called DVD-9) and dual layered double sides 15.9* computer GB (called dvd-18).
DVD-R DL
DVD-R DL or called DVD-R9 is a Dual Layer writeable DVD-R. The dual layered discs can hold 7.95 computer GB* (called DVD-9) and dual layered double sides 15.9* computer GB (called dvd-18).
DVD-RAM
DVD-RAM has the best recording features but it is not compatible with most DVD-ROM drives and DVD-Video players. Think more of it as a removable hard disk. DVD-RAM is usually used in some DVD Recorders.
This format is supported by DVDForum.
How many DVD formats are available?
3
HD DVD
Blu – Ray
standard format
What is dingbat?
A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking[citation needed].
The term continued to be used in the computer industry to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the positions designated for alphabetical or numeric characters.
An example (something like ITC Zapf dingbats series 100):
✁ ✂ ✃ ✄
☎
✆ ✇
✈
✉
☛ ☞ ✌
✍ ✎
✏
✐ ✑ ✒ ✓ ✔ ✕ ✖ ✗ ✘ ✙ ✚ ✛ ✜ ✝ ✞ ✟
✠
✡
✢ ✣ ✤ ✥ ✦ ✧ ★
✩ ✪ ✫ ✬ ✭ ✮ ✯
✰ ✱ ✲ ✳ ✴ ✵ ✶ ✷ ✸ ✹ ✺
✻ ✼ ✽ ✾ ✿
❀ ❁ ❂ ❃ ❄
❅ ❆ ❇ ❈ ❉ ❊ ❋ ● ❍ ■ ❏
❐ ❑ ❒ ▲
▼
◆ ❖ ◗ ❘ ❙ ❚ ❛ ❜ ❝ ❞
What is handshake?
What is Handshake Technology?
Handshake Technology is a rigorous design methodology and associated toolset for clockless, self-timed circuits. The familiar global clock used in traditional very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) design is replaced with a system of request and acknowledgement signals orhandshakes.
This means that only those parts of a system actively involved in task execution draw power, reducing standby power consumption to zero and extending battery lifetimes. What’s more, individual functions don’t have to wait for the next clock pulse, enabling immediate response to exceptional events.
The handshake signaling approach also allows a truly plug-and-play method of integrating IP from various sources. Because they exhibit no ground bounce, Handshake Technology functions can be quickly and easily combined with clocked logic, analog, RF or memory blocks to meet the exact requirements of your system.
And by implementing a rigorous approach we’ve solved the problems traditionally associated with asynchronous technologies. For example, Handshake Technology supports FPGA prototyping and scan-test for complete Design-for-Test solutions. Now you really can bring products to market using self-timed circuitry.
Moreover, bringing discipline to clockless design has allowed us to develop all the machinery required for the creation of arbitrarily complex ICs. This includes a high-level design language, called Haste, similar to C and behavioral Verilog that speeds the design process via a Silicon Compiler and Netlist Generator.
Handshake Technology also incorporates a design flow based on standard cell libraries with no dedicated asynchronous cells required and is compatible with standard ‘synchronous’ tools for technology mapping and timing analysis.
What is home page?
What handles can you not hold in your hand?
What was ENIAC?
ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,[1] was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,[2] although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties. ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army’s Ballistic Research Laboratory.
The contract was signed on June 5, 1943 and Project PX was constructed by the University of Pennsylvania’s Moore School of Electrical Engineering from July, 1943. It was unveiled on February 14, 1946 at Penn, having cost almost $500,000. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. There, on July 29 of that year, it was turned on and would be in continuous operation until 11:45 p.m. on October 2, 1955.
ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania.[3] The team of design engineers assisting the development included Bob Shaw (function tables), Chuan Chu (divider/square-rooter), Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer), and Jack Davis (accumulators).
7. What contribution did Ada Byron make to computing?
She knew and was taught by Mary Somerville, noted researcher and scientific author of the 19th century, who introduced her in turn to Charles Babbage on June 5, 1833. Other acquaintances were Sir David Brewster, Charles Wheatstone, Charles Dickens and Michael Faraday.
During a nine-month period in 1842–1843, Ada translated Italian mathematician Luigi Menabrea’s memoir on Babbage’s newest proposed machine, the Analytical Engine. With the article, she appended a set of notes which specified in complete detail a method for calculating Bernoulli numbers with the Engine, recognized by historians as the world’s first computer program. Biographers debate the extent of her original contributions, with some holding that the programs were written by Babbage himself. Babbage wrote the following on the subject, in his Passages from the Life of a Philosopher (1846)[1]:
I then suggested that she add some notes to Menabrea’s memoir, an idea which was immediately adopted. We discussed together the various illustrations that might be introduced: I suggested several but the selection was entirely her own. So also was the algebraic working out of the different problems, except, indeed, that relating to the numbers of Bernoulli, which I had offered to do to save Lady Lovelace the trouble. This she sent back to me for an amendment, having detected a grave mistake which I had made in the process.
Lovelace’s prose also acknowledged some possibilities of the machine which Babbage never published, such as speculating that “the Engine might compose elaborate and scientific pieces of music of any degree of complexity or extent.”
8. What kind of wafers are used at Intel to make computer chips?
12 inch wafers with 45nm technology
9. What do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear while making computer chips?
10. What does modem stand for anyway? (Search the site)
Modem (from modulator-demodulator) is a device that modulates an analog carrier signal to encode digital information, and also demodulates such a carrier signal to decode the transmitted information. The goal is to produce a signal that can be transmitted easily and decoded to reproduce the original digital data. Modems can be used over any means of transmitting analog signals, from driven diodes to radio.
The most familiar example is a voice band modem that turns the digital ‘1s and 0s’ of a personal computer into sounds that can be transmitted over the telephone lines of Plain Old Telephone Systems (POTS), and once received on the other side, converts those 1s and 0s back into a form used by a USB, Serial, or Network connection. Modems are generally classified by the amount of data they can send in a given time, normally measured in bits per second, or “bps”. They can also be classified by Baud, the number of distinct symbols transmitted per second; these numbers are directly connected, but not necessarily in linear fashion (as discussed under Baud.)
Faster modems are used by Internet users every day, notably cable modems and ADSL modems. In telecommunications, “radio modems” transmit repeating frames of data at very high data rates over microwave radio links. Some microwave modems transmit more than a hundred million bits per second. Optical modems transmit data over optical fibers. Most intercontinental data links now use optical modems transmitting over undersea optical fibers. Optical modems routinely have data rates in excess of a billion (1×109) bits per second. One kilobit per second (kbit/s or kb/s or kbps) as used in this article means 1000 bits per second and not 1024 bits per second. For example, a 56k modem can transfer data at up to 56,000 bits per second over the phone line.
11. I think the person who coined these computer terms must have been hungry.
Yes, youre not mistaken.
What is a bit?
A bit is a binary digit, taking a value of either 0 or 1. For example, the number 10010111 is 8 bits long, or in most cases, one modern PC byte. Binary digits are a basic unit of information storage and communication in digital computing and digital information theory. Information theory also often uses the natural digit, called either a nit or a nat. Quantum computing also uses qubits, a single piece of information with a probability of being true.
The bit is also a unit of measurement, the information capacity of one binary digit. It has the symbol bit, or b (see discussion below). The unit is also known as the shannon, with symbol Sh.
How many bits are in a byte?
1 byte = 8 bits
How many nibbles are in a byte?
1 byte = 2 nibbles
12. The ARPANET ’s development began in 1966. It was an experiment to connect universities so they could share information. What do we call this today?
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee? (Hint: Use the Find command to making searching this page easier. Go Edit …Find. Enter a keyword for what you are looking for (a name, or the word “web” for example). Click Find. To repeat the process go Edit … Find again.)
14. Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information.
What was the first document posted?
Before blogging became popular, digital communities took many forms, including Usenet, commercial online services such as GEnie, BiX and the early CompuServe, e-mail lists and Bulletin Board Systems (BBS). In the 1990s, Internet forum software, such as WebEx, created running conversations with “threads”. Threads are topical connections between messages on a metaphorical “corkboard”. Some have likened blogging to the Mass-Observation project of the mid-20th century.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog#History
1983–1990 (Pre-HTTP)
Usenet was the primary serial medium included in the original definition of the World Wide Web.It featured the Moderated Newsgroup which allowed all posting in a newsgroup to be under the control of an individual or small group. Most such newsgroups were simply moderated discussion forums, however, in 1983-84, one exception, named mod.ber, was created, named after and managed by an individual: Brian E. Redman. Regularly, Redman and a few associates posted summaries of interesting postings and threads taking place elsewhere on the net. With its serial journal publishing style, presence on the pre-HTTP web and strong similarity to the common blog form which features links to interesting and cool places on the net chosen by the blogger, mod.ber had many of the characteristics commonly associated with the term “blog”.[citation needed][original research?] It ceased operation after approximately 8 months. Brad Templeton calls the newsgroup rec.humor.funny (which he founded) the world’s oldest still existing blog.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blog
Paper itself gave us the opportunity to create documents, here is the beginning of paper.
History of paper goes back to the year 3000bc. The Ancient Egyptians, Romans and Greeks used papyrus, a tall water reed. The papyrus was prepared by soaking, pressing and drying the thin strips of the plant and then used to write on.
Ts’ai Lun, Chinese court official, invented paper using rags. The paper sheet was presented to the Emperor Ho Ti instead of the traditional writing on silk surfaces. The year was 105AD
1. Digital Video Disc,3 formats
2. is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”.
3. it’s that annoying series of squeals and signals. The handshake helps the modems determine how they will exchange information
4. main page is the URL or local file that automatically loads when a web browser starts and when the browser’s “home” button is pressed.
5. Little squares at the edges and corners of a selected graphic on your screen. You can move a handle with your mouse pointer to resize or reshape the graphic.
6. Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer, was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems
7. She contributed the first computer program to the world.
8. 12 inch wafers with 45nm technology
9. jacket with trouser
10. . modulator-demodulator
11. .bit is the smallest possible unit of digital information,
8 bits in 1 byte
2,097,152 nibbles
12. internet
13.
14.
15. 1962
16. 800mb
17. X-Y Position Indicator for a Display System’, known today as the mouse.
18. compact disc read only memory
19. hard disk drive, RAM, Video card
20. graphical user interface
21. Dvorak keyboard is great for typing English text
22. computer program that duplicates your files/documents
23. Well he did invent the microprocessor which caused a computer that took up a room, to be a computer much smaller
24. is a billion floating-point operations per second
25. the mouse
26. search engine
27. ucu.edu.ph
John Scott M. Zambrano
BSIT-1
1. DVD-(Digital Video Disc).
2. A dingbat is an ornament or spacer used in typesetting, sometimes more formally known as a “printer’s ornament”. The term supposedly originated as onomatopoeia in old style metal-type print shops, where extra space around text or illustrations would be filled by “ding”ing an ornament into the space then “bat”ing tight to be ready for inking.
3. The home page is the first Web page that is displayed after starting a Web browser like Netscape’s Navigator or Microsoft’s Internet Explorer. The browser is usually preset so that the home page is the first page of the browser manufacturer. However, you can set it to open to any Web site.
4. A handshake is a short ritual in which two people grasp their right or left hands, often accompanied by a brief shake of the grasped hands. The handshake is initiated when the two hands touch, immedaitely.
5.
6. ENIAC, (Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) was the first purely electronic, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems, although earlier computers had been built with some of these properties.
7. A computer virus is a computer program that can copy itself and infect a computer without permission or knowledge of the user. However, the term “virus” is commonly used, albeit erroneously, to refer to many different types of malware programs. The original virus may modify the copies, or the copies may modify themselves, as occurs in a metamorphic virus. A virus can only spread from one computer to another when its host is taken to the uninfected computer, for instance by a user sending it over a network or the Internet, or by carrying it on a removable medium such as a floppy disk, CD, or USB drive. Additionally, viruses can spread to other computers by infecting files on a network file system or a file system that is accessed by another computer. Viruses are sometimes confused with computer worms and Trojan horses. A worm can spread itself to other computers without needing to be transferred as part of a host, and a Trojan horse is a file that appears harmless until executed.
8. FLOPS (or flops or flop/s) is an acronym meaning floating point Operations per Second. The FLOPS is a measure of a computer’s performance, especially in fields of scientific calculations that make heavy use of floating point calculations, similar to instructions per second. Since the final S stands for “second”, conservative speakers consider “FLOPS” as both the singular and plural of the term, although the singular “FLOP” is frequently encountered. Alternatively, the singular FLOP (or flop) is used as an abbreviation for “FLoating-point OPeration”, and a flop count is a count of these operations .In this context, “flops” is simply the plural rather than a rate.
9. The word “modem” stand for “modulator-demodulator”.
10. How many bit are in a byte? Answer: 1 byte=8 bits.
11. CD-ROM (an abbreviation of “Compact Disc read-only memory”) is a Compact Disc that contains data accessible by a computer. While the Compact Disc format was originally designed for music storage and playback, the format was later adapted to hold any form of binary data. CD-ROMs are popularly used to distribute computer software, including games and multimedia applications, though any data can be stored (up to the capacity limit of a disc). Some CDs hold both computer data and audio with the latter capable of being played on a CD player, whilst data (such as software or digital video) is only usable on a computer (such as PC CD-ROMs). These are called Enhanced CDs.
12. Common collections are single bits, groups of four bits (called nibbles), groups of eight bits (bytes), groups of 16 bits (words), groups of 32 bits (double words or words), groups of 64-bits (quad words or words), and more. The sizes are not arbitrary. There is a good reason for these particular values. This section will describe the bit groups commonly used on the Intel 80×86 chips.
13. In what year was the first World-Wide Web software created by Tim Berners-Lee?
14. Project Gutenberg puts on the Internet public domain literature and information. What was the first document posted?
15. Floppy disks, also known as floppies or disks or diskettes (where the suffix -ette means little one), were ubiquitous in the 1980s and 1990s, being used on home and personal computer (“PC”) platforms such as the Apple II, Macintosh, Commodore 64, Atari ST, Amiga, and IBM PC to distribute software, transfer data between computers, and create small backups.
16. How many megabytes of data can a factory made audio CD hold?
Each second contains 75 sectors, each of which can hold 2048 bytes (2 kilobytes) of Mode 1 user data. Recordable CDs come in 21- (80 mm diameter), 63-, and 74-minute sizes (both 120 mm diameter), which can contain:
20. “gooey.” A type of display where you can see and point to what you want — like a kid in a candy store. Using the menus, windows, and icons in a GUI is much easier than typing complicated commands. Windows is a popular GUI.
1. The DVD
The CD (Compact Disc) is over fifteen years old, an eternity for things digital. The DVD is designed to replace CDs. (By DVD committee decree, DVD does not stand for anything, not even Digital Versatile Disc.) Improvements to the CD have been technically possible for a long time. The impetus for making the change now is movies, replacing videotape. A DVD can be stamped out for less than a dollar. It replaces videotapes that cost more than twice as much per copy. CDs were for music; DVDs are for video.
DVDs in Document Management
While DVDs were not created for document management, they are useful for storing digital documents. DVDs can store from six to twenty-five times as many documents as a CD, depending on the DVD configuration. DVD readers cost ten times as much as CD readers today. DVD writers cost fifty times as much as CD writers today. DVD and CD costs should be about the same for disc media, readers, and writers in about two to three years.
Configurations
A CD has a capacity of 650 MegaBytes. Using the industry standard of 50 KiloBytes per scanned page, a CD can store about ten thousand scanned pages along with indexing overhead and possibly a document viewer. Ten thousand pages is about the number of pages stored in a standard four drawer file cabinet, or in four standard records storage cartons, or on eight linear feet of open shelving, or on four one hundred foot rolls of sixteen millimeter microfilm.
DVDs come in two sizes, the mini-CD size of about 3 1/2 inches in diameter, and the standard CD size of just over 4 inches in diameter. This section only describes the standard size DVDs. These DVDs look just like standard CDs.
DVDs have two useable sides. Each side can have two layers for a total of four layers per disc.
Turning Over Two-Sided DVDs
Currently, there are no DVD drives that have two heads, so DVDs that have information recorded on two sides must be turned over. This process is as difficult as inserting a different DVD, so the main reason to have two sided DVDs is to reduce the number of DVDs that have to be physically managed, not to increase the amount of information ‘under- head’ in the DVD disc reader. Two headed DVD drives are technically possible, and may eliminate the need to turn DVDs over (disc flipping).
DVD Types
DVDs come in ROM (Read Only Memory), WORM (Write Once Read Many), and RW (Read Write) versions. ROM is the format in which music and software CDs are sold. WORM is the format in which document management systems write documents to CDs. RW is a format that is rewritable (like magneto optical or phase change discs). RW discs have not been available in a standard format for CDs.
2.
Special characters like stars, hands, arrows, and geometric shapes you can use to decorate a document. A collection of dingbats is found in a popular font called Wingdings.
3.
Two modems perform a handshake each time they meet, just as two people shake hands to greet each other. If the modem speaker is on, you can actually hear the handshake — it’s that annoying series of squeals and signals. The handshake helps the modems determine how they will exchange information.
4
An introductory screen on the World Wide Web, used to welcome visitors. A home page can include special underlined text or graphics you click on to jump to related information on other pages on the Web. Many individuals, businesses, and organizations now have home pages on the World Wide Web. See also WORLD WIDE WEB.
5
Little squares at the edges and corners of a selected graphic on your screen. You can move a handle with your mouse pointer to resize or reshape the graphic.
6
ENIAC is built
1945
Photo: ENIAC
A bank of blinking lights indicate the mysterious processes going on within: That classic symbol of a computer has lasted long after computers evolved into friendly desktop tools. This was not a dream of science fiction, but a representation of ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator Analyzer and Computer), the gigantic machine credited with starting the modern computer age.
ENIAC, with its 17,468 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors, 1,500 relays, and 6,000 manual switches, was a monument of engineering — and an energy hog. The city of Philadelphia reportedly experienced brown-outs when ENIAC drew power at its home at the Moore School of Electrical Engingeering at the University of Pennsylvania.
ENIAC was a product of World War II. The military needed to develop firing tables for its artillery, so that gunners in the field could quickly look up which settings to use with a particular weapon on a particular target under particular conditions. The equations to determine these figures were so complex, they took days for a human to calculate; existing mechanical calculators could do slightly better. The Ballistics Research Laboratory (BRL), responsible for providing these figures to soldiers in the field, was falling behind. But BRL heard about the work of John Mauchly at the Moore School. In 1942, he had suggested using vacuum tubes to speed computer calculations.
Lieutenant Herman Goldstine of the BRL followed up on this. Soon BRL commissioned work on a new high-speed computer with Mauchly as chief consultant, his colleague J. Presper Eckert as chief engineer, and Goldstine as liaison. This was in 1943. It took about a year to design ENIAC, and 18 months to build it. By the time it was completed, in November 1945, the war had been over for three months. The project was 200 percent over budget (total cost approximately $500,000). But it had achieved what it set out to do. A calulation like finding the cube root of 2589 to the 16th power could be done in a fraction of a second. In a whole second ENIAC could execute 5,000 additions, 357 multiplications, and 38 divisions. This was up to a thousand times faster than its predecessors. A little too late for World War II, ENIAC was kept busy through the Cold War, working on such projects as calculations for the design of a hydrogen bomb.
ENIAC’s main drawback was that programming it was a nightmare. In that sense it was not a general use computer. To change its program meant essentially rewiring it, with punchcards and switches in wiring plugboards. It could take a team two days to reprogram the machine.
Despite its flaws, the lessons learned from ENIAC helped computer developers improve the next generation, including EDVAC, UNIVAC, and Whirlwind, all of which improved upon programmability and memory storage. One of ENIAC’s greatest feats was in showing the potential of what could be done.
7
Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace (1815-1852)
Contributed by Dr. Betty Toole
Ada Byron, Lady Lovelace, was one of the most picturesque characters in computer history. August Ada Byron was born December 10, 1815 the daughter of the illustrious poet, Lord Byron. Five weeks after Ada was born Lady Byron asked for a separation from Lord Byron, and was awarded sole custody of Ada who she brought up to be a mathematician and scientist. Lady Byron was terrified that Ada might end up being a poet like her father. Despite Lady Byron’s programming Ada did not sublimate her poetical inclinations. She hoped to be “an analyst and a metaphysician”. In her 30’s she wrote her mother, if you can’t give me poetry, can’t you give me “poetical science?” Her understanding of mathematics was laced with imagination, and described in metaphors.
8
Computer chip technology is in all sorts of everyday items, from space shuttles to coffee makers, traffic lights, and computers. A basic rule of thumb is, if a device uses electricity and you can “tell it what to do” by programming it or customizing it, there’s a chip inside.
Chips perform various tasks by design, meaning that some are more complex than others. The most sophisticated chip is a microprocessor, whose transistors can execute hundreds of millions of instructions per second.
A microprocessor is the most complex manufactured product on earth. In fact, it takes hundreds of steps in the world’s cleanest environment to make microprocessors.
ERNESTO S VALENTIN January 10 2008
BSIT-blk B
1 What does DVD stand for?Definition of DVD in the list of acronyms and abbreviations provided by the Free Online Dictionary and Thesaurus.
2. what is a dingbat ? is used in computers to describe fonts that had symbols and shapes in the position designated for alphabetical or numerical characters. …
3. What is a Handshake? Technology is a rigorous design methodology and associated toolset for clockless, self-timed circuits. The familiar global clock used in
handshaking is the exchange of information between two modems and the resulting agreement a about which protocol to use that …
4. what is a home page? Fifth Programme for Research and Technological Development. Human Potential logo Improving Human Potential and the Socio-economic Knowledge Windows data compression utility that focuses on the Zip data compression format for all Windows users
5. What is a handle? is used to mean any technique that lets you get to another object — a generalized pseudo-pointer. Find the definition for Handle and other terms related to Webmaster or Computing easily with this Computer Glossary.
6.WHAT is a ENIAC? The world’s largest history museum for the preservation and presentation of artifacts and stories of the Information Age located in the heart of Silicon …
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8. what kind of wafer are used intel to meke computing chips? Founded in 1999, ZoomInfo is a Web-based service that extracts information about people and companies from millions of published resources or other possible abbreviations or word combinations to obtain better results
9. what do they call the suit that cleanroom technicians must wear making? That sometimes means working around the schedules of clean room technicians “who. would rather not have our employees around when they are in production Only once all that’s in place do they pop open the drives to try to get at your data.
10.
By the early 1990s, the increasing size of software meant that many programs were distributed on sets of multiple floppies. It was not unheard of for a large package like Adobe Photoshop to come on upwards of a dozen disks. Toward the end of the 1990s, software distribution gradually switched to CD-ROM for larger packages and online distribution for smaller programs. Also higher-density backup formats were introduced (e.g. the Iomega Zip disk). Finally, with the arrival of mass broadband Internet access, cheap Ethernet and USB flash drives, the floppy was no longer necessary for data transfer either, and the floppy disk was essentially superseded. Mass backups were now made to high capacity tape drives such as DAT or streamers, or written to CDs or DVDs. One financially unsuccessful attempt in the late 1990s to continue the floppy was the SuperDisk (LS-120), with a capacity of 120 MB (actually 120.375 MiB[1]), while the drive was backward compatible with standard 3½-inch floppies.